Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report January EuFMD

Transcription

1 2015 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report January 2015 EuFMD

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report JANUARY 2015 Guest Editor Dr Rossana Allende Laboratorio de Referencia Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa PANAFTOSA - OPS/OMS - Brasil # I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s Overview: 3

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in figure SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A, Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan O, A, Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, SAT 2, SAT 3 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL- OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (Map 1) (Presence of Pool 4 in Libya and North Zambia not shown on map) O, A 4

6 II. POOL 1 HEADLINE NEWS China (People's Rep. of) 1 - A FMD outbreak caused by serotype A occurred on the 2 nd of January 2015, on a pig farm in Anhui, China (People's Rep. of). Another FMD outbreak caused by the same serotype occurred on the 8 th of January 2015, on a cattle farm in Hubei, China (People's Rep. of). Korea (Rep. of) 2 Forty-seven FMD outbreaks caused by serotype O, occurred between the 1 st and the 31 st of January 2015 on pig (44) and on cattle (2) farms in various areas of Korea (Rep. of). POOL 2 India 3 - The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India, reported for January 2015, FMDV serotype O among the 19 clinical samples tested. POOL 3 Pakistan 4 - One hundred forty-eight FMD outbreaks were reported during January 2015, throughout Pakistan, within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project. Laboratory results indicated the circulation of three FMDV serotypes A, O, Asia-1 in the country during the month of reference. Turkey 5 - During January 2015, the Şap Institute, Turkey detected FMDV serotype A in samples collected from outbreaks occurring in Anatolia. No outbreaks were reported in this month for FMDV serotype O and Asia1. POOL 4 Ethiopia 6 National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) received eleven tissues samples from 2 FMD outbreaks for which testing is pending. Kenya 7 The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected the presence of FMDV serotypes O, A and SAT 1 and SAT 2 in tissues samples. Uganda 8 - Since May 2014 Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, Senior Veterinary Officer of the National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) reported that 33 Districts were affected by FMD outbreaks, largely clustered into 4 geographical groupings. POOL 5 Cameroon 9 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) Garoua tested 60 bovine probang (oesophagopharyngeal) samples by RT-PCR. Nigeria 10 - The National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria, detected FMDV serotype A in a clinical sample. POOL 6 Mozambique 1 Following outbreaks were detected in Langa and Boi in last August, 100 new cases were found between August and October 2014, 26 in Langa and 74 in Boi. From 14 November 2014 up to 15 December 2014, no cases of FMD were found in cattle in the affected and surrounding areas. Namibia 1, 11 - A FMD outbreak was reported on the 12 th of January 2015 in cattle, in Kavango, Namibia. Serotyping of the FMDV is pending. Genotyping by the Botswana Vaccine Institute (BVI), OIE s Reference Laboratory) sequenced the FMDV SAT 2 strains responsible for the outbreak that had occurred on the 1 st of December 2014, in cattle at Linyati, Caprivi, Mamibia. 5

7 POOL 7 Latin America 1 - No outbreaks reported COUNTER *** 37 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 125 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED 6

8 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia China (People's Rep. of) 1 A FMD outbreak caused by serotype A occurred on the 2 nd of January 2015, on a pig farm in Anhui, China (People's Rep. of). The location of the outbreak is reported in Map 0 and the summary of the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 0. Map 0: Location of FMD outbreak that occurred on the 2 nd of January 2015, on a pig farm in Anhui, China (People's Rep. of) (WAHID OIE). Table 0: summary of animals involved in the outbreak occurring on a pig farm in Anhui, China (People's Rep. of) on the 2 nd of January Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost Swine % 33.91% 56.47% % Details of the location and the animals involved in the other FMD outbreak caused by the same serotype that occurred on the 8 th of January 2015, on a cattle farm in Hubei, China (People's Rep. of) are presented in Map 0 and Table 0. 7

9 Map 0: Location of FMD outbreak that occurred on the 8 th of January 2015, on a cattle farm in Hubei, China (People's Rep. of) (WAHID OIE). Table 0: summary of animals involved in the outbreak occurring on a pig farm in Hubei, China (People's Rep. of) on the 8 th of January Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle % 0.00% 0.00% % The outbreaks were both caused by FMDV serotype A/ASIA/Sea-97 - G2 and the laboratory diagnosis was carried out employing ELISA, virus isolation and reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National and OIE s Reference Laboratory. The control measures applied for both outbreaks are the following: stamping out, quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) while treatment of sick animals is not being applied. Origin of outbreak is unknown/inconclusive. Vaccination in response to the outbreak (s) is being carried out and a summary of this is reported in Table 0. Table 0: summary of vaccination in response to the FMD outbreaks described above, occurring in China (People's Rep. of). Administrative division Species Total Vaccinated YUNNAN Sheep TIBET Cattle 1779 YUNNAN Cattle

10 Korea (Rep. of) 2 Forty-seven FMD outbreaks caused by serotype O, occurred between the 1 st and the 31 st of January 2015 on pig (45) and cattle (2) farms in various areas of Korea (Rep. of). A summary of the outbreaks is reported in Table 0. Number of reported outbreaks per day during January 2015 in Korea (Rep. of) is presented in Graph 1: even if the number of outbreaks is generally low these are occurring nearly on daily basis. Location of outbreaks is presented in Map 0. Table 0: summary of the locaties and description and numebr of species incvolved in the outbreaks that occurred in Korea (Rep. of) between the 1st and the 31st of January Admin1 Species Description (N of outbreaks) N At Risk N of Cases N of Deaths Graph 1: number of reported outbreaks per day during January 2015 in Korea (Rep. of) N Destroyed N Slaughtered Chollanam-do domestic, swine (1) Chungchongbuk-do domestic, swine (15) Kyonggi-do domestic cattle (2) Kyonggi-do domestic, swine (27) Kyongsangbuk-do domestic, swine (1) Taejon domestic, swine (1) Totals 9

11 Map 0: Location of FMD outbreaks that occurred between the 1 st and 31 st of January 2015 in Korea (Rep. of) Russian Federation 12 The All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH), OIE Reference Laboratory, has examined 10,098 sera for post vaccination monitoring. Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Comment Cambodia O, /NOT SAMPLED Jun 2014/O, Aug 2014/ not typed China (People's Rep. of) /O, 2013/A, Nov 2014/O, Jan 2015/A See text China (Hong Kong, Sar) O Oct 2014/O China (Taiwan Province) /O, Jul 2013/O Japan FMD-FREE WITHOUT VACCINATION Jul 2010/O Korea (DPR) /DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed, July 2014/O Korea (Rep. of) /DISEASE ABSENT Jan 2015/O See text Laos PDR 2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS Mar 2013/O Malaysia /O Jan 2013/not typed, 2013/NOT TYPED Jun 2014/O Typing required Mongolia 2013/A Sept 2013/A, Apr2014/O Myanmar /O Jun 2014/O, July 2014/ not typed Typing required Russian Federation See text genotyping 2012/O, June 2014/O, Oct 2014/A 2013/A required 10

12 Thailand Vietnam O, A and NOT TYPED O, NOT SAMPLED /A, Jun 2014 /A, Oct 2012/O, Sept 2014/not typed Apr 2013/A Jun 2014/O, July 2014/not typed Genotyping required Typing required Map 0: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in pool 1 per Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (Vietnam, P.R. China) B. POOL 2 South Asia India 3 The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India, reported in January 2015, FMDV serotype O among the 19 clinical samples (15 from cattle and 4 from buffaloes) when tested using ELISA antigen and/or RNA detection tests. A total of 33,746 serum samples were tested for FMDV antibodies for epidemiological studies. The diagnostic kits employed are those developed at PDFMD. The laboratory personnel are regularly involved in the investigation of FMD field outbreaks and in providing expert advice to Government, national/local authorities or to other services. The laboratory has ongoing research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below. COUNTRY Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA NOT TYPED, 2013/NOT SAMPLED /O O, A, NOT SAMPLED /Asia /NOT TYPED O, /Asia 1 LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Not available Not available Jan 2015/ O Apr 2014/O Sri Lanka /O Sept 2014/O Comment See text 11

13 Map 0: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 2 per : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East POOL 3 Pakistan 4 A total of 148 FMD outbreaks were reported during January 2015 throughout Pakistan within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project. In these outbreaks, 327 sick animals were treated and 5,250 animals at risk were vaccinated. Landhi Cattle Colony (LCC) remains the area in the country were the majority of the outbreaks are reported (67 out of 148 outbreaks). During the month of reference, laboratory results indicate the circulation of three FMDV serotypes A, O, Asia-1 in the country. Within the FMD vaccination program, including regular vaccination in different production systems and on cost-share basis, a total of 53,501 animals were vaccinated. No clinical case of the disease was recorded in vaccinated animals anywhere in the country. Two FMD awareness seminars were held for farmers, at Islamabad and FATA, respectively and two training workshops were held in Punjab to which 23 veterinary officers and 26 veterinary assistants attended. The 5 th Steering Committee meeting of the present project was held on the 15 th of January 2015, at Islamabad to which the Federal Secretary, Ministry of National Food Security and Research of Islamabad FAO Representative in Pakistan, Animal Health Advisor, USDA, Islamabad) and all regional/provincial secretaries and their nominated Directors Generals/ Directors attended the meeting. The Committee approved the proposed Work Plan and Budget. Turkey 5 During January 2015, the Şap Institute, Turkey detected FMDV serotype A in 4 samples tested by Multiplex Real Time rt PCR and Ag detection ELISA that were collected from outbreaks occurring in Anatolia. No outbreaks were reported in this month for FMDV serotype O and Asia1. The NRI, Şap is in the process of genotyping 3 samples. Antibody detection ELISAs were carried out on a total of 382 serum samples: -56 sera were tested in NSP ELISA for the investigation of outbreaks and research purposes sera were for post vaccination monitoring. 12

14 Two teams from the laboratory were involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks occurring in İzmir and Mersin. The laboratory is constantly involved in providing expert advice to the General Directorate for the evaluation of the FMD Risk-based National Strategic Plan. The Sap Institute is carrying out research activities in the framework of the Research and Development Plan on vaccine production and monitoring. Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below. COUNTRY Afghanistan FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in /O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # 2014/A, Asia 1, O Comment (Genotyping or vaccine matching tests needed for this pool) Genotyping required Algeria 2014/O Sept 2014/O Armenia /DISEASE ABSENT Not available Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT Jun 2001 Bahrain 2012 /O Oct 2014/O Bulgaria FMD-FREE WITHOUT VACCINATION Apr 2011/O Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT /O, A Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2002 Iran O, A, Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, /Asia 1 A Iraq /O, A Dec 2013/A, O - Israel /O Nov 2013/O Jordan DISEASE ABSENT 2006 Kazakhstan 2012/O /A Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A Kuwait 2012/O / DISEASE Jan 2012/O ABSENT Kyrgyzstan /O, A Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug 2014/NOT TYPED Typing required Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 03/2010 Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/O Oman /O Dec/2013 Pakistan Autonomous Territories Palestine DISEASE LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES O, SAT 2 Jan 2015 / A, Asia 1, O Mar 2013/Sat 2, Nov 2014/O See text - genotyping required for most recent isolates Qatar /O Dec 2013/O Saudi Arabia 2013/O Nov 2013/O Syrian Arab Republic DISEASE ABSENT Mar/2002 Tajikistan 2012/NOT TYPED Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/ 2013/DISEASE ABSENT NOT TYPED Tunisia 2014/O Oct 2014/O 13

15 Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Asia 1, A, O, NOT TYPED NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE Nov 2014/O, Dec 2014/ Asia 1, Jan 2015/A Not available Not available See text - genotyping required for most recent isolates Map 0: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 3 per : O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013 from the Indian sub-continent) A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR- 11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 6 National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) received eleven tissues samples from 2 FMD outbreaks for which testing is pending. The same laboratory has forwarded samples containing FMDV for serotyping and genotyping to the WRLFMD. A twining project proposal in collaboration with the WRLFMD was prepared and submitted to OIE. Kenya 7 The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected the presence of FMDV serotypes A (1) O (5), SAT 1 (3) and SAT 2(4) from a total of 23 tissues samples. The same laboratory carried out vaccine potency assays for FMDV. Uganda 8 Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, Senior Veterinary Officer of the National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) has reported the following information for FMDV in Uganda: FMDV serotype SAT 2 was detected only in Kiruhura which neighbours Isingiro district on the Southern border where no sampling was done. Therefore the suspect is that even for in this area, at least FMDV serotype SAT 2 is circulating. In all the other districts (including Nakaseke, Kyankwanzi and Busia) from which samples have been collected and tested by antigen ELISA, FMDV serotype O was detected. Temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Uganda is presented in Map 0. Uganda has developed a National FMD Control Strategy (2012) to guide FMD control. Uganda is still in Stage one of the Propressive Control Pathway (PPC) and will quickly move to Stage 2, once there is implementation of zonal FMD targeted control. The country has developed a rational plan for a robust Risk Based Strategy for PCP for FMD, in collaboration with FAO. Integrated control measures to be applied are vaccination, quarantine, FMDV diagnosis/confirmation, increased awareness in farmers and capacity building. Dr. Chrisostom affirms that currently Uganda is experiencing massive FMD outbreaks with increasing evidence of unusual FMDV serotypes. Some of the current diagnostic tests are not totally suitable for the African situation and hence the need for more specific and rapid diagnostics for FMD confirmation. Increasing costs of vaccines that might not be effective in the local setting represent major drawbacks. Also, thermostable vaccines would be more handy and applicable in remote set ups. For this, projects and strong collaborations are required to sustain some of these efforts. 14

16 Map 0: Temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Uganda since May, 2014: 33 Districts were affected by FMD outbreaks largely clustered into 4 groupings: (i)28 outbreaks - Northern & North Eastern, (ii)1 outbreak - Western around QENP & (iii)3 outbreaks along the South-western border). (iv)1 outbreak (central) Incursions largely trans frontier national borders and national parks Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Comment Burundi NO DATA AVAILABLE Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT Not available Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT /O, A Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 Eritrea 2012/O Jan 2012/O Ethiopia Jun 2014/A, Nov 2014/SAT See text O, 2, Oct 2014/O, Jan Genotyping required for most 2012/A, SAT /confirmation recent isolates pending Kenya O, SAT1, SAT2, /A, 2012/NOT TYPED Jan 2015/ A, O, SAT 1, Dec and SAT 2 See text Genotyping required Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed Rwanda /A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia 2012/NOT SAMPLED / NO DATA AVAILABLE

17 Sudan O, 2013/SAT 2, 2013/O, SAT /NOT TYPED South Sudan NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Tanzania 2012/O Mar 2013/O /A, SAT 1, SAT 2, Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Uganda Yemen 2012/O, SAT /NOT TYPED 2012/O / DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA May 2014-Jan 2015/O, A, SAT1, 2 and 3 Not available Map 0: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa (EUFMD) See Text Genotyping required East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 4 per : O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 (detected in samples collected in Egypt in 2009) O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997) E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Cameroon 9 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) Garoua detected 5 FMDV positive of the 60 bovine probang (oesophago-pharyngeal) samples tested using non- serotype specific RT-PCR. FMDV antibody tests were conducted for surveillance purposes. The laboratory personal was involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and in providing expert advice to Government services national/local authorities and other services. The laboratory has ongoing research collaborative projects with Plum Island Animal disease Centre and Ohio state university, USA and collaborates with FAO within the framework of MTF/034/STF project. Nigeria 10 The National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria, detected FMDV serotype A in a clinical sample and 40 sera using kits provided by FAO. The laboratory personal was involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and in providing expert advice to Government services national/local authorities and other services and collaborates with OIE. 16

18 Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below. Country FMD history Comment Last outbreak FMDV serotypes, reported reported/serotype # (Genotyping would be useful for to OIE in this region) Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Cameroon SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Jan 2015/untyped Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available DISEASE PRESENT BUT Central Afr. WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE Rep. DATA Not available Chad /SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Not available See text Genotyping required for most recent isolates Congo D. R /A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Cote D'Ívoire 2012/A, NOT SAMPLED 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Jun 2013/not typed Equatorial DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT Guinea NOT CONFIRMED Not available Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O Ghana /SEROTYPES Identification required 2014/not available NOT REPORTED Guinea Biss. DISEASE ABSENT No data available Guinea / DISEASE ABSENT 2014/not available Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Mali 2012/DISEASE ABSENT 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT 2011/2012, no precise data REPORTED Mauritania /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Not available Niger /NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled Identification required Nigeria /NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled Sao Tome Principe Senegal 2012/DISEASE ABSENT, 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012, 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE 2013/DISEASE ABSENT, Not available Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT 1, 2013/NOT TYPED 2012/O See text Genotyping required 2012/ A, 2014/O and SAT 1 Map 0 FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, (EuFMD) 17

19 Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 5 per : Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and VI) Serotype SAT 1 Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Mozambique 1 Following the FMDV outbreaks caused by serotype SAT 2 in Langa and Boi in last August, 100 new cases were reported between August and October 2014, 26 in Langa and 74 in Boi. From 14 November 2014 up to 15 December 2014, no cases of FMD were found in cattle in the affected and surrounding areas. The sanitary measures being applied are: quarantine, movement control inside the country, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) and vaccination in response to the outbreak (s) with 101,371 cattle vaccinated in Maputo with a trivalent vaccine against SAT1, 2 and 3. No treatment of affected animals is being carried out. Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection is due or to Contact with infected animal(s) at grazing/watering or with wild species. 1, 11 Namibia A FMD outbreak was reported on the 12 th of January 2015 in cattle, in Kavango, Namibia. Epithelial cells were collected and tested positive for FMDV by PCR, carried out by the National Central Veterinary Laboratory, for which serotyping is still pending. The location of the outbreak is reported in Map 0 and the summary of the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 0. The sanitary measures being applied are: quarantine, movement control inside the country, zoning, vaccination in response to the outbreak (s). No treatment of affected animals is being carried out. Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection is due to contact with wild species. Table 0: summary of animals involved in the outbreak occurring on the 12 th of January 2015 in cattle, in Kavango, Namibia. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent Apparent Apparent Proportion morbidity mortality case susceptible rate rate fatality animals Cattle % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Genotyping by the Botswana Vaccine Institute (BVI), OIE s Reference Laboratory, sequenced the FMDV as SAT 2, toptotypes II strains responsible for the outbreak that occurred on the 1 st of December 2014, in cattle at Linyati, Caprivi, Namibia. 18

20 Map 0: Location of FMD outbreak that occurred on the 12 th of January 2015 in cattle, in Kavango, Namibia (WAHID OIE). RSA 13 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, carried out testing for FMDV antibodies on 1743 serum samples for SAT1 and the purposes of testing were the following: Buffalo, bovine, sable translocations, buffalo test package, caprine export, porcine compartmentalization, giraffe export and herd surveillance. The same Institute is carrying out the following studies: vaccine matching studies, isolation and characterisation of FMDV from buffalo and cattle probang from SADC countries, development of new diagnostic tests for the region, validation of diagnostic tests implemented, development of export opportunities for beef originating from the FMD endemic zone of the Zambezi region of Namibia, FMD surveillance in Uganda (collaboration with PIADC, Makerere University and UVRI), FMD transmission studies in the Kruger National Park, improved vaccine for FMD control, in collaboration with the Pirbright Institute, and University of Glasgow, UK, and identification of antigenic character of FMDV in collaboration with PIADC, USDA. Collaboration are on going with the following institutions: Global FMD Research Alliance, the Pirbright Institute, UK, SADC TADS project, IZSLER, Italy, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, USDA, ARS, Makerere University, Uganda, SACIDS, Tanzania, INTA, Argentina and University of Glasgow, Scotland. Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below. COUNTRY Angola FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in /DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 2013/DISEASE ABSENT 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE /SAT /SAT 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Dec 2010/ SAT 2 Comment Botswana May 2014/SAT 2,Oct 2014/SAT 1 Congo D. R /A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Malawi /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Oct 2011 Mozambique /DISEASE Oct 2014/SAT 2 See text 19

21 ABSENT, 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE Namibia /SAT 1 Dec 2014/SAT 2, Jan 2015/typing pending See text South Africa Aug 2013/SAT 1, See text 2012/SAT 2 Mar2014/ SAT 2, Nov Genotyping and 2013/SAT / not typed serotyping required Zambia 2012/SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2 Zimbabwe /SAT /SAT /SAT 1 Jun 2013/SAT 3, Sept 2014/SAT 1, Sept 2014/SAT 2 Map 0: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for southern Africa, (EuFMD) Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III) G. POOL 7 South America 1 No new outbreaks have been reported during December and it is now more than three years since the last FMD outbreak in South America was reported. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) described by the OIE maps (see: Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Table 0 and Map 0). The FMD history between given in Table 0. Table 0: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, , for geographic distribution see Map 0 below COUNTRY Ecuador Paraguay Venezuela FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE DISEASE ABSENT Aug 2011/O DISEASE ABSENT DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O 2011/O, A Comment National situation needs verification National situation needs verification Map 0: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for South America, (EuFMD) 20

22 IV. OTHER NEWS: WRLFMD 11 21

23 The WRLFMD recommendations reported in December 2014, on FMDV strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks are presented in Table 0 (the virus strains are not listed in the oreder of importance). Ghana 14 The country continues to collaborate with FAO for FMD. Senegal 15 The National Veterinary services are presently involved in conducting sampling to estimate FMD prevalence in Senegal and EUFMD is in the process of supplying FMD diagnostics kits to the country. Southeast Asia 16 No reports of FMD outbreaks have been recorded between in January 2015 in the countries reported in Table 0, with a total of 233 ongoing in the area. Location of outbreaks is presented in Map 0. Table 0: FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during January 2015 in the countries of the Southeast Asia area, below listed. Country Ongoing Prior Outbreaks Cambodia 142 Myanmar 3 Malaysia 46 Thailand 4 Viet Nam 38 Total

24 Map 0: Location of FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during January 2015 in the countries of the Southeast Asia area listed in Table 0 (SEAFMD). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 23

25 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. FAO EMPRES-AH, 3. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 4. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 5. WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey - (Dr. Naci Bulut) 6. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 7. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula) 8. Uganda Country Presentation: Progress Towards Progressive Control Pathway of Foot-and-mouth disease (Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, PhD - Presentation on behalf of the Director for Animal Resources, Rep. of Uganda) 9. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 10. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 11. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Quarterly Report, Oct-Dec Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 13. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, RSA - (Dr. Rahana Dwarka) 14. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 15. Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) (Dr Modou Moustapha Miss Mariame Diop) 16. SEAFMD, OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report