Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation

Transcription

1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report July 2013 I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: *OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database* *FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)* Other sources: *FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks* *FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers* The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page Please, note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

2 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 3 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Central / East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 Southern Africa G. POOL 7 South America V. REFERENCES

3 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) distribution by serotype and the seven virus pools, (Map 1) Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Map 1: Foot-and-mouth disease virus pools distribution,

4 Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA (Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Japan, Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, O, A, Asia 1 Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam) 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine O, A, Asia 1 Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) 4 EASTERN AFRICA (Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, North Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen) 5 WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo R., Cote d'ívoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo) O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA {O, A}*, SAT 1, (Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, SAT 2, SAT 3 Zambia, Zimbabwe) 7 SOUTH AMERICA (Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela) O, A * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS OVERSPILL FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the recent past (4 years). 4

5 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China 1 FMDV type A and O outbreaks in Tibet Autonomous Region, South West China. Russia 1,5 Foot-and-mouth disease outbreak type A SEA-97 in cattle in Amurskaya Oblast. Mongolia 1,5 - Confirmed FMDV serotype A ASIA Sea-97 outbreaks in West Mongolia (Bayan Ulgii Region). POOL 3 Russia 1,5 FMDV type A Iran-05 outbreak is continuing in Krasnodarskiy Kray. Further spread of FMDV to the nearby Kabardino-Balkarskaya Republic POOL 6 South Africa 1 Limpopo. Confirmed Foot-and-Mouth Disease serotype SAT 1 outbreak in cattle in Zimbabwe 1 Two new outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease in cattle in East Zimbabwe in Masvingo (Chiredzana, Zaka) and Manicaland (Mahenye, Chipinge) Regions. COUNTER *** 19 MONTHS SINCE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 106 MONTHS SINCE LAST C SEROTYPE OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED 5

6 FOLLOW UP - FMDV TYPE A IN WEST EURASIA AND CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Further spread of FMDV type A Iran-05 to Kabardino-Balkarskaya Republic, North Caucasus, Russian Federation. The virus belongs to A ASIA Iran-05 SIS-10 sublineage with more than 99% identity (VP1) with field isolates from Turkey (Anatolia) in Enhanced regional surveillance is advisable to identify where else this virus may be circulating. FMDV serotype A isolates from East Kazakhstan in May and June 2013 belong to the A/ASIA SEA-97 lineage and are closely related (>98.9% VP1 identity) with FMDV strains collected from North China and Russia in 2013 and Thailand (Oct 2012). The FMDV type A isolate from West Mongolia in July 2013 belongs to the same genetic lineage. These closely related viruses have spread across a wide geographical area over a relatively short time. FOOTNOTE: Foot-and-Mouth Disease is endemic in many parts of the World and there are some sporadic reports or media released information about these regions (South Asia (pool 2) and Africa (pools 4 and 5)), but very limited data on the current FMD viruses involved. More information on the serotypes, genotypes and vaccine matches are needed for disease risk managers. 6

7 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 Central / East Asia China (Tibet Autonomous Region) 1,21 FMDV type A outbreak in Zhuxi, Bomi, Linzhi, Tibet (South West China) was confirmed on 10 July (Map 2) Clinical signs were reported in 51 cattle and 21 swine in Zhuxi village on 5th of July, according the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). The disease was confirmed by the National Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute using ELISA, RT-PCR and gene sequencing. The current genetic lineage is still pending. Stamping out was applied as a disease control measure. Map 2: FMDV type A outbreak in Zhuxi, Tibet on 05 July 2013 (OIE) Map 3: FMDV Type O outbreak in Dobuzha, Rikaze, Tibet Autonomous Region (22 July 2013) (OIE) A type O outbreak in Dobuzha, Rikaze, Tibet was reported on 22 July 2013, following the previous notification of FMDV Type O outbreak in Longzhong, Gangba, Rikaza (Tibet) in June. 85 out of 85 cattle were affected. Stamping out, quarantine and disinfection were applied as a disease control measures. (Map 3) Russian Federation 1,5,22 - An FMDV outbreak in Grodekovo village, Amurskaya Oblast was reported on 1 July (yellow star on map 4). 25 out of 67 cattle were affected. There were no clinical signs reported in the other susceptible population presented in the area (802 sheep and 266 pigs). The outbreak is located in only 15 meters from the border with China. An epidemiological investigation is being conducted to establish the source of this infection. 7

8 This outbreak was caused by A ASIA Sea-97 strain of FMDV, closely related (more than 99% identity) to the type A isolates from North China (March 2013) and Kazakhstan (June 2013) and 98.74% identical with isolates from Thailand in October The previous Russian isolate from Zabaykalski Kray (March 2013) belongs to the same cluster (99.37% identity in VP1 region). Map 4: FMDV type A oubreaks in Grodekovo village (Amurskaya Oblast), July 2013 (EMPRESi) The red dots represented the previous outbreaks in Mongolia 1,5 Two FMD outbreaks occurred on the 4 th and 6 th of July in two farms in Bayan Ulgii province (Sagsai and Ulaan Khus districts respectively). 15 out of 418 cattle were affected. Laboratory tests results confirmed FMDV, serotype A on 09 July According to OIE, this is the first occurrence of FMD serotype A in Mongolia in 2 years. The current isolate belongs to A ASIA Sea-97 strain of FMDV with over 99% identity (VP1) with the isolates from the neighbourhood (China, Russia and Kazakhstan) in early Both outbreaks are located in West Mongolia, near to the border with China and km distance from the borders with Russia and Kazakhstan, respectively (yellow circle on map 5). Map 5: FMDV type A outbreaks (yellow circle) in West Mongolia, July 2013 (EMPRESi) 8

9 FMD history in the past 2 years for pool 1 is given in Table 2, and map 6. Map 6: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 2: Pool 1 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE CAMBODIA NOT TYPED 1 OCT 2012/NOT TYPED 1 CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF) A, O 1, 16 JULY 2013/A 1 / O 1 CHINA (HONG KONG, SAR) O 1, 5 NOV 2012/O 3 CHINA (TAIWAN PROVINCE) O 1, 5 JUNE 2013/O 1 JAPAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JULY 2010/O 1, 5 KOREA (DPR) 2011 O 1, 5 MARCH 2011/O 1 KOREA (REP. OF) 2011 O 1, 5 APR 2011/O 1 LAOS PDR O 9 MARCH 2013/O 9 MALAYSIA O, A 1, NOT TYPED 9 JAN 2013/NOT TYPED 9 MONGOLIA O 10 JULY 2013/A 1 MYANMAR 2011 O 1 FEB2012/O 9 RUSSIAN FEDERATION O A 1 JULY 2013/A 1,5 THAILAND O, A 1, 5 OCT 2012/A, O 1 VIET NAM 2011 O 1, A, O A 18 APR 2013/A 18 9

10 B. POOL 2 South Asia India 2 Sequence data for the 1 D genome region were generated for eight serotype O field isolates in India in July They all belonged to O Ind-2001 lineage. South Asia is known to be an FMD endemic area but very limited data on serotypes is available (Map 7). Map 7: FMD distribution by serotypes The PD-FMD at Mukteswar (FMD Reference laboratory for South Asia) is active in this region and is requested to provide information on FMD circulation that will assist improved understanding of virus circulation. FMD history in the past 2 years is given in Table 3. Table 3: Pool 2 FMD history COUNTRY BANGLADESH BHUTAN INDIA NEPAL SRI LANKA FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE 2011 O, A, Asia 1 6 NOT AVAILABLE 2011, 2012 O 5 NOV 2012/O 5 O, A, Asia 1 1, 15 3, 15 MAR 2013/O,A, Asia 1 O, A, Asia 1 1, 6 MAR 2013/O 2 O 1, /O 5 10

11 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Russia 1,5,22 Two FMDV type A outbreaks occurred in cattle in Krasnodarskiy Kray (yellow arrow on the map 8) in the villages of Andryuki and Psebay beginning on 26 June out of 54 cattle in Psebay and 6 out of 180 cattle in Andryuki village were affected. Vaccination is to be applied in response to the outbreaks. Modified stamping out, quarantine, movement control within the country, screening and disinfection of infected premises have been implemented to control the disease. Map 8: FMDV type A oubreaks in Krasnodarskiy Kray, July 2013 (EMPRESi). The red dots represented the previous outbreaks in Another FMD outbreak was reported in the Russian Federation in the buffer zone just near the state border with Georgia. The infection occurred in the rural community of Nizhny Kurkuzhin, Baksansky Rayon, Kabardino-Balkarskaya Republic. (yellow circle on the map 9) This is the 7 th outbreak notified from the Russian Federation to OIE since June The disease was confirmed by the National FMD Laboratory (FGBU Federal Center for Animal Health ) as a serotype A of FMDV. Map 9: FMDV serotype A outbreak in Baksansky Rayon, Kabardino-Balkarskaya Resp., July 2013 (EMPRESi) 11

12 Phylogenetic analysis shows that the isolates from Andryuki village (Krasnodarskiy Kray) and Nizhny Kurkuzhin (Kabardino-Balkarskaya Republic) both belong to A/ASIA Iran-05 SIS-10 strain of FMD virus which has recently been circulating in the West Eurasia region (Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey). The analysis revealed a close genetic relationship ( % identity within VP1 coding region) with FMDV strains from Turkey (Anatolia) in This highlights the risk of further spread of the disease in the region and the need for enhanced surveillance to identify where else it may be circulating. Vaccine matching data showed a good match between the Turkish type A Iran-05 SIS-10 isolates in 2013 and vaccine strain A/Tur 06 ; however vaccine matching data is not yet available for the isolates from the North Caucasus. Pakistan 2,23 Suspected FMD was reported in cattle in the Mohmand tribal region, near to the border with Afghanistan (red star on the map 10). Several outbreaks of FMD Serotype A have already occurred on the territory of Pakistan in (red dots on the map 10). Map 10: FMDV outbreaks in Pakistan in 2013 FMD history in Pool 3 in past 2 years is given in Table 4 and Map 11. Map 11: FMD distribution by serotypes

13 Table 4: Pool 3 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY LAST OUTBREAK FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in REPORTED/SEROTYPE 2013 AFGHANISTAN 2011 O, A, Asia 1 1, 5 DEC ARMENIA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 NOT AVAILABLE AZERBAIJAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JUN BAHRAIN 2011 O, A, Asia O 5 MAR 2012/O 5 BULGARIA 2011 O 1, 5 JUN 2011/O 1 EGYPT A, O 1, O, A, SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT 2 1 GEORGIA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS IRAN O 2, A 2, Asia 1 5 JUNE 2013/O 5, A 2, Asia 1 5 IRAQ O,A 1, /A ISRAEL O 1,5 MAR 2012/O 5 JORDAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS KAZAKHSTAN O, A 1,5 JUNE 2013/ A 1 KUWAIT O 5 FEB 2012/O 5 KYRGYZSTAN 2011 O, A 1 NOV 2011/O, A 1 LEBANON NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 03/ LIBYA 2011 O 5; 2012 O, SAT 2 5 APR , 5 OMAN NO DATA AVAILABLE DEC PAKISTAN O, A, Asia 1 5, 13 NOV 2012/O, Asia 1, A AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES 2011 O, A, Asia 1 1 PALESTINE 2012 SAT 2 1, 5; A 2 MARCH QATAR, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE SAUDI ARABIA, 2011 O 5 JULY 2012/O 5 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, 2011 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 MARCH/ TAJIKISTAN, Asia 1 1 NOV 2011/Asia 1 1 TURKEY, MONTHLY REPORTS REGULARLY Asia 1, A, O 5,1 JUNE 2013/O, A 5, Asia 1 1 SUBMITTED TO EUFMD TURKMENISTAN NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE UZBEKISTAN NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 5, 13 13

14 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa East Africa is known to be FMD endemic area but with limited available data (Map 12). Map 12: FMD distribution by serotypes Ethiopia 21 Different serotypes of FMD virus have been reported in the country in the past: O EA-3; A AFRICA G VII; SAT 2 XIII; SAT 1 IX and C Eth-71. A study conducted by Jibat et al. in 2011 in Ethiopia (Borena zone) shows the FMD impact on some major livelihood indicators and the correlation between new FMD cases and the amount of rainfalls (seasonal disease dynamic). In Borena area, FMD outbreaks are known to occur 2-3 times per year mostly during the dry period, when the cattle have to move long distance to a new pastures and water. This higher FMD incidence rate is probably due to increased animal contact and possibly immunosuppression in the susceptible animals and leads to heavy losses in small-scale mixed farming system reducing the milk production (41,6% of the household food in the region). FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 5 below. 14

15 Table 5: Pool 4 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE BURUNDI O, A, SAT 1, SAT COMOROS NO DATA AVAILABLE CONGO D. R. O, A, SAT 1 4 JUNE /NOT TYPED DJIBOUTI NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE EGYPT 2011 A, O 1, A, O SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT 2 1 ERITREA O 5 DEC 2011/O 5 ETHIOPIA A, SAT 1, O 5, /O 5 KENYA 2011 O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1, 5 JAN 2013/A, SAT2 7 LIBYA 2011 O O, SAT 2 5,7 APR , 5 RWANDA ABSENT 7 NOT TYPED 2 NOV 2012/NOT TYPED 2 SOMALIA NO DATA AVAILABLE NORTH SUDAN A, O 1 DEC SOUTH SUDAN O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A TANZANIA 2011 SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), O 7, SAT3 1, A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 5 MAR 2013/O 17 UGANDA O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 7, 2, 1 APR 2013/A 19 YEMEN NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 15

16 E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Democratic Republic of Congo 2,5 Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle was reported in Kagando/Kiliba city and Kabunambo groupment, South Kivu. The outbreaks are located in 5 to 10 km distance from the border with Burundi. FMD has appear periodically in these regions, but the reports are sporadically, because of lack of well establish epidemiological monitoring network in the country. Transboundary movements of animals and people are observed regularly between D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda. The government reportedly plans to undertake a vaccination company against FMD in the region using a quadrivalent vaccine. The current genetic lineages presented in that region are O EA-2 and A AFRICA G-I (closely related to type A isolates from Kenya and Tanzania) and types SAT1, SAT2 and SAT 3 (in South Kivu). According to RESOLAB data on FMD situation in the first half of 2013, 1 FMD outbreak was detected in Benin and 6 outbreaks in Ghana (3 of them in May in Lambushi Kaani District, Upper West of the country). No virus detected. No FMD outbreaks reported in Gambia and Sierra Leone in this reporting period. Foot and mouth disease is endemic in West Africa (Map 13). In Gabon, Sierra Leone, Mauritania, Guinea, Guinea Bissau. FMD has not been reported at least in the last 3 years. Map 13: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 6. 16

17 Table 6: Pool 5 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE 2013 BENIN 2011 A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, 1 DEC 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1 BURKINA FASO O, A, SAT 2 4 NO PRECISE DATA, DEC CAMEROON 2011 O, A, SAT 2 4, CAPE VERDE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE CENTRAL AFR. REP. NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE CHAD 2011, 2012 A, SAT 1 4 NOT AVAILABLE CONGO D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 4 JUNE /NOT TYPED CONGO R. NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE COTE D'ÍVOIRE, SAT 1, A 1, O, SAT EQUATORIAL GUINEA, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE GABON, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE GAMBIA O, A, SAT /O GHANA O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O 1 GUINEA BISS. GUINEA NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE LIBERIA A, SAT /2012 4, NO PRECISE DATA MALI O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /2012 4, NO PRECISE DATA MAURITANIA NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 4, 1 NO PRECISE DATA, NIGER O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 OCT NIGERIA O, A 4, 1 OCT/NOV 2012/A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4 SAO TOME PRINCIPE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE SENEGAL O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O, A, SAT 1 4 SIERRA LEONE NO DATA AVAILABLE OCT TOGO O, SAT 1 1, 4, /O 4 17

18 F. POOL 6 Southern Africa South Africa 1 FMDV serotype SAT 1 outbreak occurred on 17 July 2013 in Greater Giyani, Limpopo (red circle on the map 14). Two out of cattle were affected. The disease was confirmed on PCR by the National laboratory (ARC-OVI Transboundary Animal Disease Program) on 18 July The outbreak occurred within the South African FMD protection zone, where vaccination for FMD is practiced. It is reportedly associated with contacts between domestic cattle and African buffalo at a communal dip tank. Quarantine and vaccination were applied in response to the outbreak. The previous occurrence in this area was on 10 January Map 14: FMD serotype SAT 1 outbreak in Limpopo, South Africa (17 July2013) The map depicts FMD outbreaks occurring from 01/01/2010 through 24/07/2013, over the estimated Global cattle density (EMPRESi) Zimbabwe 1 Two new outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease in cattle were reported in East Zimbabwe: in Masvingo (Chiredzana, Zaka) and Manicaland (Mahenye, Chipinge) Regions (red circles on the map 15) out of 5762 cattle were affected. The diagnosis was confirmed by the National Veterinary Laboratory. Serotype results are pending. The source of these outbreaks is reported to be illegal movement of animals and contact with wild species. These outbreaks are located near the National Park with wild buffaloes and the wild and domestic animals share common grazing area and watering points. 18

19 Map 15: East Zimbabwe FMDV outbreaks in Masvingo and Manicaland, July 2013 (OIE) Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. Also, there is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia which is FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively (Map 16). Map 16: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 7. Table 7: Pool 6 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE ANGOLA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS DEC. 2010/ SAT 2 1 BOTSWANA SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 1 APR CONGO D. R. O, A, SAT /2012 9, NO PRECISE DATA MALAWI 2011 SAT 2 1 OCT MOZAMBIQUE 2011 SAT 2 1 JUN 2011/SAT 2 1 NAMIBIA SAT 1 1 JAN 2012/SAT 1 1 SOUTH AFRICA SAT 11, SAT 2 1 APR 2012/SAT 2 1 ZAMBIA SAT 1 5, SAT 2 1 JUN 2012/SAT 1 5 ZIMBABWE SAT 2 1 JUNE 2013/SAT 3 19

20 G. POOL 7 South America No new events have been reported for this period. Most South America countries are FMD free with (Uruguay)/without (Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free zones with/without vaccination. Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 17). Map 17: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 8. Table 8: Pool 7 FMD history FMD HISTORY LAST OUTBREAK COUNTRY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in REPORTED/SEROTYPE 2013 ECUADOR O 1, 8 AUG 2011/O 1, 8 PARAGUAY VENEZUELA O 1, 8 DEC 2011/O 1, 8 O, A /O, A was the first year without reported FMD outbreaks in half a century in the Andean region. According to official reports submitted to the OIE, in 2012 Peru completed more than eight years without the presence of the disease, and Bolivia and Colombia 4 and 6 years, respectively

21 IV. REFERENCES 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. Dr. Esther TO: Foot and Mouth Disease Hong Kong Situation, Update; Animal Management Division Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, 10 August FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (RESOLAB-FMD West Africa) 5. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 6. Conference on Scientific Developments and Technical Challenges in the Progressive Control of FMD in South Asia, New Delhi, India, February FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (EARLN-FMD Eastern Africa) 8. SENASA, Argentina 9. SEAFMD 10. Open session of the EuFMD, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain October Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) P.o. BOX 513, Entebbe, Uganda 12. Dr C Njagu (Division of Veterinary Field Services): Current status of the livestock sector in Zimbabwe, ACWG MEETING OF 31STMAY Pakistan FMD Bulletin, Vol. 1 (issue 4), Oct. Dec., Laboratorie veterinarie de Goma, DRC 15. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar Nainital Uttrakhand, OIE/China national FMD reference laboratory 17. Center for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Nelson Mandela/Temeke Yombo roads junction 18. FMD news, Ministry of Agriculture Animal industry and fisheries, Uganda 20. Map of zones in Botswana, Government of Botswana: trol%20zones%20version%202_02_11.pdf 21. Jibat T, Berhanu Admassu, Tesfaye Rufael, Maximilian PO Baumann and Carsten J Pötzsch, Impacts of foot-and-mouth disease on livelihoods in the Borena Plateau of Ethiopia. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2013, 3:5 - ( 21