Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report October EuFMD

Transcription

1 2014 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report October 2014 EuFMD

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report October 2014 Guest Editor Dr. Sabenzia Nabalayo Wekesa (Regional Coordinator Eastern Africa FMD sub-network) I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 6 A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia... 6 B. POOL 2 South Asia... 8 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s Overview: It is indeed a great honour to have this opportunity as a guest editor in the October report of the global Foot-and- Mouth Disease situation. I am writing this as I partake in the conducting of the 19 th and 20 th Nakuru Training Courses (NTC 19 and 20) in Kenya, eastern Africa (pool 4): a region of the world that experiences numerous disease incidences and harbours the highest number and diversity of FMD virus serotypes as well as multiplicity of host species including wildlife. It is however one of the regions that has limited current data on FMD circulation, serotyping, genotyping and vaccine matching that could guide regional and global control strategies. The situation is similar to pool 5 and to some extent pool 6, rendering the understanding of the global epidemiology of the disease complicated. Considerable efforts have been attempted by various stakeholders to seal these knowledge gaps, but there is still need for increased and continuous global efforts to invest in research and collection of this data. In addition, strengthening laboratory services, surveillance, free sharing of information including networking and regional cooperation are inevitable for improvement of this situation as a stride towards achieving effective global control of FMD. This report could benefit further by working more closely with the existing regional networks, including additional efforts to support and sustain the network activities. In addition, the request for the monthly reports and feedback could be shared with the veterinary authorities (CVOs) of the reporting countries for purposes of recognition and authenticity. Information on vaccine production capacities, type of vaccines and usage could also be included to enrich the report. Sabenzia N. Wekesa (regional coordinator eastern Africa FMD sub-network) 3

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in figure SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A, Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan O, A, Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Egypt and Libya (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (Map 1) (Presence of Pool 4 in Libya and North Zambia not shown on map) O, A 4

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China 1 - A FMD outbreak caused by serotype A was reported on the 8 th of October 2014, in cattle, in Shannan, Tibet. Thailand 2 Latest FMD outbreaks (eight) were reported as occurring during September 2014, while a total of 51 outbreaks are ongoing. POOL 2 India 3 - The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India, reported FMDV serotype O in a clinical sample sent to the Regional Laboratory. Genotyping by PDFMD identified the presence of FMDV serotype O, topotype SEA, genotype/strain, Ind-2001d in all samples tested. Sri Lanka 4, 5 - The WRLFMD confirmed the presence of FMDV serotypes O in bovine and buffalo samples collected in Sri Lanka, during Genotyping results for FMDV serotype O detected in the previous samples, confirmed all of them as topotype ME- SA, genotype/strain, Ind-2001d. Among the eleven FMDV outbreaks reported by EMPRESS in domestic cattle and water buffaloes, in Sri Lanka between March and September 2014, 4 were confirmed by WRLFMD as caused by FMDV serotype O. POOL 3 Algeria 1 Latest reported FMD outbreaks occurred in Algeria on the 20 th and 22 nd of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and Ain Delfa, respectively. Pakistan 6 - During October, 179 FMD outbreaks, caused by three FMDV serotypes A, Asia-1 and O, were reported in Pakistan. Tunisia 1 Outbreaks in Tunisia are down to the minimum as only one was reported on the 13 th of October 2014, in Mannouba, Tunisia. POOL 4 Ethiopia 7 The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) in Ethiopia detected FMDV serotype O in 49 vesicular tissues. Kenya 8 FMDV serotype O was detected in 6 samples and serotype SAT2 in 3 samples, from the 11 field samples received by the National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya. Uganda 9 - Multiple FMDV serotypes are currently circulating in Uganda (O, A, SAT 1 3), with 32 districts in Uganda affected since May POOL 5 Cameroon 3 - Vaccine matching strain differentiation tests on a FMDV field isolate SAT 2, were carried out by the WRLFMD. 5

7 Senegal 10 FMDV serotypes O and SAT 1 were detected in field samples by the FAO Collaborating Centre on Emergency Preparedness for Transboundary Disease for Central and Western Africa (ISRA/LENVR), Dakar, Senegal. POOL 6 Botswana 1 - A FMD outbreak was reported on the 27 th of October 2014 in cattle, in NGAMILAND, Botswana, with serotyping pending. POOL 7 No outbreaks reported 1 COUNTER *** 34 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 122 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia China 1 A FMD outbreak caused by serotype A was reported on the 8 th of October 2014, in cattle, in the village of Jixiong, Gongga, Shannan, Tibet. A summary of the affected animals is reported in Table 2. Location of the outbreak is reported in Map 2. Table 2: summary of animals involved in the outbreak in the village of Jixiong, Gongga, Shannan, Tibet. Map 2 Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle

8 The diagnosis was carried out by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), OIE Reference Laboratory, using liquid-phase blocking ELISA, nucleotide sequencing and virus isolation. Genotyping identified the strain as FMDV serotype A, SEA-97, G2 clade, similar to the one responsible for the outbreak that occurred on the 23 rd of September 2014, in a cattle farm in Renqincai Village, Lasa, Tibet. The source of the outbreak is unknown/inconclusive. The following control measures were adopted: stamping out, quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s). Thailand 2 Latest FMD outbreaks were reported as occurring during September 2014, while a total of 51 outbreaks are ongoing. Location is presented in Map 3. A detail of the general situation of FMD in South East Asia is described in Section IV: OTHER NEWS. Map 3: Location of FMD outbreaks active in Thailand during October 2014 (SEAFMD). 1, 11 Russia The FMD outbreak caused by serotype A that occurred on the 11 th of September 2014, in cattle, in the village of Kuti, Priargunsky, ZABAJKAL`SKIJ KRAY, Russian Federation, is reported as ongoing. Vaccination has been administered to 4,080 cattle of the same administrative division of the outbreak. The All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH), OIE Reference Laboratory has examined 3,780 sera for post vaccination monitoring. Table 3: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, , for geographic distribution see Map 4 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Cambodia O Jun 2014/O, Aug 2014/ not typed China (People's Rep. of) A, O Apr2014/O, Oct 2014/A See text China (Hong Kong, Sar) O May 2014/O China (Taiwan Province) O June 2013/O Japan FMD-free without vaccination Jul 2010/O Korea (DPR) O July 2014/O A May 2014/not confirmed Korea (Rep. of) 2011 O July 2011/O Laos PDR O Mar 2013/O 7

9 Malaysia O, A Jan 2013/not typed, NOT TYPED Jun 2014/O Typing required Mongolia 2012 O 2013 A Sept 2013/A, Apr2014/O Myanmar O Jun 2014/O, July 2014/ not typed Typing required Russian Federation , O- A June 2014/O, Oct 2014/A See text Thailand O, A Jun 2014 /A, Oct 2012/O, Sept 2014/not typed See text Vietnam Apr 2013/A 2011 O, A, O Jun 2014/O, July 2014/not A typed Typing required Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in pool 1 during : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (Vietnam, P.R. China) B. POOL 2 South Asia India 3 The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O in a clinical sample. Fifteen serotype O isolates were genotyped and identified as belonging to O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. Serological testing for determining protective antibody titre against FMD virus was carried out on 29,480 serum samples. The tests were carried out using in house diagnostic kits developed at PDFMD. Laboratory personnel were involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and expert advice was provided to Government services, national/local authorities or other services. The laboratory has ongoing research studies and collaborations with international organisations in the period. Sri Lanka 4, 5 The WRLFMD confirmed the presence of FMDV serotypes O in bovine and buffalo samples collected in Sri Lanka, during A summary of the results is reported in Table 4. Genotyping results for FMDV serotype O detected in previous samples identified all of them as topotype ME-SA, genotype/strain, Ind-2001d. Summary of results are reported in Table 5. 8

10 Table 4: Summary of the serotyping results of samples collected during 2014, in Sri Lanka Year of collection 2014 FMDV GD NVD NGD Species N of samples PCR Result Serotyping result (cell culture/elisa) 13 - FMDV GD 4 - serotype O Bovine FMDV-Neg 1- NGD 1 - FMDV GD 8 - NVD Buffalo 4 4 FMDV GD 4 - serotype O FMDV genome detected No virus detected No genome detected Table 5: Summary of the genotyping results of samples collected during 2014, in Sri Lanka Sample Date of Species Location Serotype Topotype Genotype/s Most Closely Identification collection train Related Viruses SRL/27/ /08/2014 Jaffna* O/SRL/1/2014 SRL/28/ /09/2014 Kandy* O/SRL/7/2014 Bovine SRL/34/ /09/2014 Kandy O/SRL/7/2014 SRL/35/ /09/2014 Matara* O/SRL/15/2014 O ME-SA Ind-2001d SRL/29/ /09/2014 O/SRL/30/2014 SRL/30/2014 Water 10/09/2014 O/SRL/29/2014 Hambantota* SRL/31/2014 Buffalo 10/09/2014 O/SRL/29/2014 SRL/32/ /09/2014 O/SRL/29/2014 Among the eleven FMDV outbreaks reported by EMPRES in domestic cattle and water buffaloes in Sri Lanka between March and September 2014, 4 were confirmed by WRLFMD as belonging to FMDV serotype O, and are reported with an asterisk in Table 0. Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, , for geographic distribution see Map 5 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Bangladesh O, A, Asia 1 Not available Bhutan 2011, 2012 O Not available India O, A, Asia 1 Oct 2014/ O See text Nepal O, A, Asia 1 Apr 2014/O Sri Lanka O 2011, 2013, 2014/A, Sept 2014/O See text 9

11 Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 2 during 2013 FMD 14 : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Algeria 1 Latest reported FMD outbreaks in Algeria occurred on the 20th and 22nd of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and Ain Delfa, respectively. Summary of the animals involved in the outbreak are reported in Table 7 and location of outbreaks in Map 6. Table 7: summary of outbreaks that occurred on the 20 th and 22 nd of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and Ain Delfa, in Algeria. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle Map 6: Location of outbreaks (red dot) reported on the 20 th and 22 nd of September 2014 in cattle, in M'Sila and Ain Delfa, in Algeria (WAHID-OIE). 10

12 FMDV serotype O was detected using reverse transcription real-time PCR carried out by the National Central Veterinary Laboratory on samples from cattle. Sanitary measures are still being adopted and vaccination is being carried out on the national herd in all the wilayahs except in the south. In the last WAHID report of the 22 nd of October, the situation is described as improving and for this, livestock markets for small ruminants are re-opening. Sanitation process and closure of the outbreak locations is continuing and implementation of orders for the infection status will be consequently lifted in the unaffected wilayahs. Pakistan 6 During October, 179 FMD outbreaks were reported in Pakistan, caused by three FMDV serotypes A, Asia-1 and O during which 315 sick animals were treated and 7,889 animals were vaccinated by the field veterinarians. Ring vaccination during FMD outbreaks has improved disease reporting in the country. During this month, 45,314 animals in different production systems (9,951 animals in dairy colony production system, 1,200 animals in market oriented rural smallholders, 1,077 animals at Government Livestock Farms, 2,260 animals in Cholistan, 26,557 on cost-sharing basis and 4,269 yaks in Gilgit-Baltistan) were vaccinated against FMD. Use of quality FMD vaccine according to the SOP developed by the Project has provided protection to animals against the disease, with no report of clinical cases of the disease in vaccinated animals anywhere in the country. These results are convincing a large number of farmers to start vaccinating their animals (on cost-share basis) particularly against FMD. Four awareness seminars were organized in Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh to educate farmers on prevention and control of FMD. Capacity to diagnose FMD at disease, serotype and genotype level is enhanced in districts and provincial and reference laboratories in Pakistan by the following actions: Eight diagnostic labs are providing FMD diagnostic and serotyping facilities in all provinces/regions of the country, Bio-surveillance control on the National Server has been further improved by the addition of new features, such as incorporating serotype information and data export features. Backstopping for the proper analysis of samples is given to all ELISA labs through the provision of ELISA kits and other expendables that are required for carrying out the diagnostic activities. A seminar on Progressive Control of FMD was held that was attended by the Administrative Secretary, Vice Chancellor UVAS and senior veterinary professionals of various departments and institutes of Punjab. Tunisia 1 In Tunisia, outbreaks are down to the minimum as only one event was reported on the 13 th of October 2014, in Mannouba, Tunisia. Outbreak summary for Tunisia is reported in Table 8 and location of outbreaks is reported in Map 7. The previously reported control measures are still being applied: quarantine, movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection of infected premises/establishments and modified stamping out. Table 8: summary of outbreak that occurred on the 13 th of October 2014, in Mannouba, Tunisia. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle Goats

13 Map 7: Location of outbreaks reported as being resolved or ongoing between the 3 rd of July and the 13 th of October 2014 in Tunisia (WAHID-OIE). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 9: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, , for geographic distribution see Map 8 below. FMD HISTORY Comment COUNTRY FMDV serotypes, LASTEST OUTBREAK (Genotyping or vaccine reported to OIE in 2011 REPORTED/SEROTYPE matching tests needed for 2013 this pool) Afghanistan O, A, Asia 1 Dec 2011 Algeria Sept 2014/O See text Armenia NO REPORTED Not available OUTBREAKS Azerbaijan NO REPORTED Jun 2001 OUTBREAKS Bahrain O, A, Asia 1 Mar 2012/O O Bulgaria O Apr 2011/O Egypt O, A Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 Georgia NO REPORTED 2002 OUTBREAKS Iran O, A, Asia 1 Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, A Iraq O,A 2012/A Israel O Nov 2013/Mar 2012/O Jordan NO REPORTED 2006 OUTBREAKS Kazakhstan O, A Jun 2013/ A Kuwait O Feb 2012/O Kyrgyzstan O, A Nov 2011/O, A, Aug/not Typing required typed Lebanon NO REPORTED 03/

14 OUTBREAKS Libya O; O, SAT Oct 2013/O 2 Oman NO DATA AVAILABLE Dec 2011 Pakistan O, A, Asia 1 Oct 2014 / A, O, Asia 1, Genotyping required - see text Jun2014/(not typed) Autonomous Territories Palestine O, A, Asia SAT 2; A Mar 2013/A Nov 2013/O Qatar, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Saudi Arabia O Nov 2013/O Syrian Arab NO REPORTED Mar/2002 Republic, 2011 OUTBREAKS Tajikistan, Asia 1 Nov 2011/Asia 1 Tunisia Oct 2014/O See text Turkey Asia 1, A, O July 2014/Asia 1, Sept/ O, A Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Not available Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 3 during : O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion during 2013 from the Indian subcontinent) A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR- 11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 7 FMDV serotype O was detected by antigen detection ELISA, in 49 bovine vesicular tissues by the National animal health diagnostic and investigation centre (NAHDIC) in Ethiopia. Samples will be sent for genotyping to the WRLFMD. Sera were tested by 3ABC NS ELISA and 16 samples were found positive for FMD virus antibodies. Kenya 8 The National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotype O in 6 samples and serotype SAT 2 in 3 samples, from the 11 bovine field samples. The laboratory employs the kits provided within the Nakuru Training Courses. During October, personnel from the laboratory were involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field. Uganda 9 During the 2 nd East Africa Road Map meeting held in Kigali, Rwanda between the 20 th and the 22 nd of October, Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, Senior Veterinary Officer of the National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC), held a presentation on the Progress Towards Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) of Foot-andmouth disease in Uganda. A National FMD Control Strategy was introduced in 2012 and is at present in stage 2 of the PCP. Plans are under way to transform it into the Risk Based National Strategy for Progressive Control of FMD 13

15 (2014/15). In addition, studies that will be carried out during 2014/5 have been undertaken to evaluate the socioeconomic impact of FMD. A description of the FMD outbreaks was also given for 2013 and These are presented in Map 9 and 10. Map 9: FMD Outbreaks in Uganda 2013 FMD outbreaks occurred in 6 districts mainly along the Southwestern border & included: Ntungamo, Rakai, Isingiro, Kiruhura, Gomba & Wakiso with the latter suspected to be due to importation The outbreak in Wakiso was uniquely different (origin not traced). Importation suspected. Map 10: FMD Outbreaks in Uganda 2014 Upsurge of FMD outbreaks in 2014 clustered into 3 groupings with: (i) 28 outbreaks - Northern & North Eastern, (ii) 1 outbreak - Western around QENP & (iii) 3 outbreaks along the Southwestern border). Multiple FMDV serotypes are currently circulating in Uganda (O, A, SAT1, 2 and 3) with 32 districts of the country affected since May Incursions largely at trans frontier national borders and national parks Genotyping studies conducted on FMD viruses presently circulating in Uganda reported them as topotype 1 for SAT 2, Africa G1 genotype for serotype A and EA-2 topotype for serotype O. In a study conducted by M. Dhikusooka et. al. (in press, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 21, Number 1 January 2015) a new isolate (UGA/1/13) was obtained from an apparently healthy long-horned Ankole calf that was newly introduced into the QENP, Uganda. This was reported as the first isolation of FMDV serotype SAT 3 from cattle in East Africa. The VP1 coding sequence of this isolate was 20% different from the most closely related virus strains within Uganda and up to 36% divergent from SAT 3 viruses from southern Africa. The authors suggest that Ugandan SAT 3 viruses 14

16 should be classified within a single topotype (V), but this would require the modification of the topotype definition used previously. The authors also warranted that studies are needed to determine the consequences of infection of intensively farmed cattle by this virus. Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, , for geographic distribution see Map 11 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Burundi O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Egypt A, O A, O SAT 2 Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 Genotyping required Eritrea O Dec 2011/O Ethiopia A, SAT 1, Jun 2014/A, SAT 2, Oct 2012/O 2014/O See text Aug 2014/SAT 1, Sept Kenya O, A, SAT 1, 2013/SAT /A, Oct 2014/SAT2, Oct 2014/O See text Libya O Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr O, SAT Follow up needed Rwanda ABSENTNOT TYPED Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Sudan A, O 2013/O, SAT2 South Sudan O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A 2011 Tanzania SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 Mar 2013/O (cattle), O, SAT3 Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Uganda O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 May 2014/O, A, SAT1, 2 See text and 3 Yemen NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Map 11: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 4 during : O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 (detected in samples collected in Egypt in 2009) O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in 15

17 the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa 3, 12 Cameroon LANAVET- Garoua carried out detection of FMDV on 300 bovine field samples without serotyping and detected 20 samples as positive. The laboratory also carried out FMDV antibodies testing. Laboratory staff was involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field. LANAVET is conducting research work in collaboration with Ohio State University and Plum Island and is involved in ongoing projects together with FAO within the MTF/034/STF project. Vaccine matching strain differentiation tests carried out by the WRLFMD on a FMDV field isolate SAT 2 Car 16/13, confirmed matching with vaccine strains Sat2 Eri and Sat2 Zim. Senegal 10 The FAO Collaborating Centre on Emergency Preparedness for Transboundary Disease for Central and Western Africa (ISRA/LENVR), Dakar, Senegal detected FMDV serotypes O and SAT 1 in field samples. Forty sera tested positive in the Ab ELISA supplied by FAO. Laboratory personnel are currently involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and have provided expert advice to Local Authorities regarding the serotypes circulating. Epidemiological surveys of FMD in the country are planned to start next year. In relation to this, the laboratory is undertaking collaboration with FAO/VET.SERV: TCP on FMD surveillance in Senegal. Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, , for geographic distribution see Map 12 below. Country FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in Last outbreak reported/serotype Comment (Genotyping would be useful for this region) Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Dec 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso O, A, SAT / not available Cameroon O, A, SAT 2 Apr2014/O, A, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Oct Typing required - see text 2014/not typed Cape Verde No data available Not available Central Afr. Rep. No data available Not available Chad 2011, A, SAT 1 Not available Congo D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Identification required Congo R. No data available Not available Cote D'Ívoire SAT 1, A, O, SAT Equatorial Guinea No data available Not available Gabon No data available Not available Gambia O, A, SAT /O Ghana O, A, SAT 1, SAT /not available Identification required Guinea Biss. No data available No data available Guinea No data available No data available Liberia A, SAT /2012, no precise data Mali O, A, SAT 1, SAT /2012, no precise data Mauritania No data available Not available Niger O, A, SAT 1, SAT /not available Identification required Nigeria O, A, SAT 1; SAT 2 Sept 2014/SAT 1, SAT 2, July 2014/A, Sept 2014/O Genotyping required 16

18 Sao Tome No data available Not available Principe Senegal O, A, SAT 1, SAT / A, 2014/O and SAT 1 See text Sierra Leone No data available Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT /O Map 12: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 5 during : Serotype O (topotypes WA EA-3 ( Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and VI) Serotype SAT 1 Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII) F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Botswana 1 A FMD outbreak was reported on the 27 th of October 2014 in cattle, in Ngamiland, Botswana. Serotyping is still pending. Summary of the affected animals is reported in Table 13 and location of outbreak in Map 13. Table 12: summary of outbreak reported on the 27 th of October 2014 in cattle Ngamiland, Botswana. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle Map 13: Location of outbreak (red dot) reported on the 27 th of October 2014 in cattle Ngamiland, Botswana (WAHID-OIE). 17

19 The farmer reported signs of lameness and drooling, signs consistent with FMD. The suspect herd had missed routine vaccination in August 2014 because it had became inaccessible due to flooding. The following control measures being applied in the area are: control of wildlife reservoirs, quarantine, movement control inside the country, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) with no treatment of affected animals. RSA 13 ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme carried out PCR on four buffalo samples, collected in Namibia, obtaining negative results. Liquid phase blocking ELISA was carried out on 3,948 serum samples for antibodies against SAT1-3. Testing was done for the following purposes: Buffalo and bovine stable translocations, buffalo test package, caprine export, porcine compartmentalization, giraffe export and herd surveillance. The laboratory is at present involved in the following research activities: vaccine matching studies, isolation and characterisation of FMDV from buffalo and cattle probang samples from SADC countries, development of new diagnostic tests for the region, validation of diagnostic tests implemented, development of export opportunities for beef originating from the FMD endemic zone of the Zambezi region of Namibia, FMD surveillance in Uganda (collaboration with PIADC, Makerere University and UVRI), FMD transmission studies in the Kruger National Park, improved vaccine for FMD control (Pirbright Institute and University of Glasgow), identification of antigenic character of FMDV (PIADC, USDA). The laboratory is currently working in collaboration with the gobal FMD Research Alliance, the Pirbright Institute (UK), SADC TADS project, Istituto Zooprofillatico Sperimentale della Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (Italy), Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, USDA (USA), Makerere University, Uganda, SACIDS, Tanzania, INTA, Argentina and the University of Glasgow, Scotland. Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 14 below. COUNTRY Angola FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Dec 2010/ SAT 2 Comment Botswana SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Oct 2014/SAT 1 See text Congo D. R. O, A, SAT /2012, NO PRECISE DATA Malawi SAT 2 Oct 2011 Mozambique SAT 2 Aug 2014/SAT 2 Genotyping required Namibia SAT 1 Aug 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE Identification required South Africa SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013/SAT 1; Mar2014 SAT 2 See text Zambia SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2 Zimbabwe SAT 1, SAT 3 Jun 2013/SAT 3, Sept 2014/SAT 1 Genotyping required 18

20 Map 14: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for southern Africa, (EuFMD) Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 during : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation G. POOL 7 South America 1, 13 South America No new outbreaks have been reported for this period of time. During the 41 st Ordinary Meeting of the South American Commission for the Control against Foot and Mouth Disease (COSALFA), held in April 2014, the FMD current situation and the action Plan in adoption for of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of FMD (PHEFA) was presented and evaluated. The current FMD situation of South America is presented in Map 15, while the situation relative to to the production and control of FMD vaccines for the member countries of COSALFA for 2013 is reported in Table 14. Map 15: FMD status for South America (WAHID-OIE) 19

21 Table 14: situation relative to the production and control of FMD vaccines for the member countries of COSALFA for Information regarding the involvement of South American countries, in particular the Andean region, during 2013, in the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD is presented in Map 16. The work was supported by FAO, and two projects funded by Italy (GTSF/RLA/172/ITA) and Spain (GCP/RLA/178/SPA). 16: Stages reached in the PCP for the Andean region 20

22 Table 15: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, , for geographic distribution see Map 17 below COUNTRY Ecuador Paraguay Venezuela FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE O Aug 2011/O O Dec 2011/O O, A 2011/O, A Comment National situation needs verification National situation needs verification Map 17: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for South America, (EuFMD) IV. OTHER NEWS: Ghana 15 The ACCRA VETERINARY LABORATORY, GHANA reported that during the month of October they have not received samples for diagnosis of FMD. Nigeria 16 The laboratory personnel of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria are involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and provided expert advice to Government services national/local authorities. Twinning with OIE is continuing. Southeast Asia 3 While no reports of FMD outbreaks have been recorded during October, outbreaks in the area are reported as ongoing as represented in Table 16. Table 16: outbreaks ongoing in the listed countries in the Southeast Asia area, details for the period between July- September 2014 Prior continuing Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Totals Cambodia Myanmar Malaysia Viet Nam Totals

23 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. SEAFMD, 3. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 4. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 5. EMPRES-AH, 6. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 7. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 8. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula) 9. Uganda Country Presentation: Progress Towards Progressive Control Pathway of Foot-and-mouth disease (Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, PhD - Presentation on behalf of the Director for Animal Resources, Rep. of Uganda) 10. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 11. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 12. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme - (Dr. Rahana Dwarka) st Ordinary meeting of the South American Commission for the fight against Foot and Mouth Disease (COSALFA), April 2014, Lima, Peru 14. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 16. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 22