The status of Foot And Mouth Disease (FMD) in Ethiopia. By Gelagay Ayelet National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. EUFMD, 2008 Sicily, Italy
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1 The status of Foot And Mouth Disease (FMD) in Ethiopia By Gelagay Ayelet National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia EUFMD, 2008 Sicily, Italy
2 Introduction The dominant economic feature of Ethiopia is the agriculture Based of which livestock is an important and essential component. It has the largest livestock population in Africa possessing about 43.1 million cattle, 23.6 million sheep 18.4 million goats FMD is one of the contagious viral diseases that have great impact on economic development both in terms of direct and indirect losses specially in developing countries including Ethiopia.
3 Objectives: To isolate and identify the circulating serotypes and subtypes of FMD Virus To describe the status of FMD using sero-surveillance To generate epidemological information of FMD that helps to design control strategies. Sample collection Three types of samples have been collected Retrospective data from MOARD ( ) Tissue sample for virus isolation from outbreak areas Sera for serological study from the whole parts of the country (4465 sera) and processed with 3ABC ELISA
4 Result Figure 1: Sero-prevalence of FMD in different parts of Ethiopia Seroprevalence
5 Table 1: Sero-prevalence of FMD in different regional states of Ethiopia Region No Village No Positive No Negative Total P% SE 95% CI Addis Ababa Afar Amara Benshagul Gembella Oromia ,093 1, SNNP* Somali Tigray Total ,8 4, * Southern Nations and Nationalities People
6 Table 2: Comparison of prevalence of FMD pastoral and highland mixed farming system Farming system No Pos No Neg Total Prevalence (%) SE 95% CI Mixed farming 142 2,082 2, Pastoral 325 1,916 2, Total 467 3,8 4, There is significant variation b/n pastoral and mixed farming system
7 Figure 2: Number of FMD outbreaks per year (in different part of the country ( ) Nof oubreeaks Year Source MOARD
8 Figure 3: Map showing No FMD outbreaks recorded in different part of Ethiopia (19-06) No of outbreaks
9 Figure 4: Status of FMD in Ethiopia
10 Figure 5: Map showing Serotypes of FMD viruses isolated in Ethiopia
11 Cont Serotype O isolated almost from all parts of the country with highest frequency, Serotype A central Ethiopia SAT1 and SAT2 from Kenya and Sudan bordering areas, Serotype C not isolated after 1983, SAT1 in 2007 for the first time.
12 Figure 6: Neighbor joining tree comparing the complete VPI coding sequence of type O FMD virus O/ETH/55/2005 O/ETH/56/2005 O/ETH/66/2005 O/ETH/54/2005 O/ETH/67/2005 O/ETH/57/2005 O/ETH/65/2005 O/ETH/63/2005 O/ETH/64/2005 O/ETH/1/2005 O/ETH/1/2007 O/ETH/38/2005 (2003/4) O/ETH/54/2006 O/ETH/3/2004 O/ETH/48/2005 O/ETH/61/2005 O/ETH/62/2005 O/ETH/49/2005 O/ETH/51/2005 O/ETH/52/2005 O/ETH/53/2005 O/ETH/48/2006 O/ETH/46/2006 O/ETH/62/2006 O/ETH/11/2005 (16) O/SUD/2/86 (DQ165075) O/SUD/1/ (DQ165076) 87 O/ETH/19/2006 O/ETH/20/2006 O/ETH/27/2006 O/ETH/4/2006 O/ETH/21/2006 O/ETH/2/2006 O/ETH/43/2006 O/K77/78* (DQ165072) O/KEN/2/95 (K10/95) O/K83/79* (AJ303511) O/UGA/5/96 O/ETH/59/2005 O/ETH/60/2005 O/ETH/58/2005 O/KEN/5/2002 (DQ165073) O/UGA/3/2002 (DQ165077) O/MAL/1/98 (DQ165074) O/TAN/7/98 O/SAR/1/2000 (AJ318860) O/EGY/3/93 O1/Sharquia/EGY/72 (DQ164871) O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AJ251477) O/GHA/5/93 O/GNA/4/ (DQ165071) 95 Abernosa Addis Ababa O/ALG/1/ O/CIV/8/ Arsi-Robe Awassa Awi zone North Wollo, Gubalafto Debre Berhan Yabello, Borena Mezan Teferi O/CAM/3/98 O/TAI/4/ (DQ164976) O/HKN/6/83 O/PHI/5/95 (DQ164946) O/ISA/1/62 O/ISA/8/83 O/JAV/5/72 O/ISA/1/74 O2/Brescia/ITL/47 (M55287) O1/Kaufbeuren/FRG/66 (X00871) O3/VEN/51 EA-3 EA-1 EA-4 WA EA-2 ME-SA SEA CATHAY ISA-1 ISA-2 EURO-SA 0.02
13 Figure 7: Neighbor joining tree comparing the complete VPI coding sequence of type A FMD virus A/EGY/1/2006 (EF208757) A/EGY/2/2006 (EF208758) 98 A/EGY/4/2006 (EF208760) A/EGY/3/2006 (EF208759) 72 A/EGY/5/2006 (EF208761) A/KEN/29/2005 (EF208773) A/ETH/4/2007 A/KEN/15/98 (EF208774) A/KEN/16/98A (EF208775) A/ETH/7/92 (EF208765) A/ETH/23/94 (EF208767) A/ETH/1/94 (EF208766) A/ETH/3/2005 (year nk) (EF208762) A/ETH/4/2005 (2000) (EF208763) A/ETH/16/2005 (2000/01) (EF208764) A/ETH/6/2000 A/ETH/9/2005 (2000) A/ETH/10/2005 (2002) A/K37/84* A/CAR/15/2000 (EF208755) A21/Lumbwa/KEN/64 (AY593761) A/EGY/1/72 (EF208756) A/ETH/2/79 87 A/ETH/13/2005 (1981) A/ETH/14/2005 (1981) A/GAM/44/98 (EF208768) A/MAI/2/97 (EF208776) A23/Kitale/KEN/64 (AY593766) A/Trenquelauquen/ARG/2001 (AY593786) A/MOR/7/77 A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 (AJ251476) A10/HOL/42 (M20715) A12/UK/119/32 (M10975) A/LIB/4/79 A5/Allier/FRA/60 (AY593780) A/MOR/8/83 A/IND/17/77* (AF204108) A22/IRQ/24/64 (AJ251474) A/IRN/1/96 (EF208771) A/SAU/23/86 (EU414536) A/IRN/2/87 (EF208770) A/IRN/1/2005 (EF208769) A/IRN/22/ (EF208772) AFRICA EURO-SA ASIA 0.02
14 Figure 8: Neighbor joining tree comparing the complete VPI coding sequence of type SAT 2 FMD virus SAT2/KNP/17/88* (AF367105)(impala) SAT2/KNP/2/89* (AF367109)(impala) SAT2/KNP/16/88* (AF367104)(impala) SAT2/KNP/19/88* (AF367106)(impala) SAT2/KNP/20/88* (AF367107)(impala) SAT2/KNP/18/88* (AF367138)(impala) SAT2/KNP/7/88* (AF367103)(buffalo) 88 SAT2/KNP/19/89* (AF367110)(buffalo) SAT2/KNP/19/89* (DQ009735) SAT2/KNP/18/95* (AF367118)(buffalo) SAT2/KNP/31/95* (AF367119)(buffalo) SAT2/SAR/8/01* (AY442910) SAT2/SAR/9/01* (AY442911) 87 SAT2/SAR/10/01* (AY442912) SAT2/SAR/11/01* (AY442913) 89 SAT2/SAR/1/01* (AY442903) SAT2/SAR/4/01* (AY442906) SAT2/SAR/6/01* (AY442908) SAT2/SAR/2/01* (AY442904) SAT2/SAR/3/01* (AY442905) SAT2/SAR/5/01* (AY442907) SAT2/SAR/7/01* (AY442909) SAT2/KNP/1/92* (AF367114)(impala) SAT2/KNP/183/91* (AF367112)(buffalo) 88 SAT2/PAL/5/83* (AF367102) SAT2/KNP/32/92* (AF367115)(buffalo) SAT2/SAR/16/83 (DQ009734) 90 SAT2/SA/106/59 (AY593848) 98 SAT2/MOZ/1/79 (AF367137) SAT2/MOZ/4/83* (AF367101) SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 (GN-10) (AF367113)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/9/93* (AF367116)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/10/93* (AF367117)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-7) (AF367120)(buffalo) SAT2/ZAM/P2/96 (MUL-10) (AF367121)(buffalo) SAT2/RHO/1/48 (AJ251475) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 29) (AF367124) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 31) (AF367125) SAT2/BUN/1/91 (AF367111) SAT2/ETH/1/90 (AY343935) SAT2/ETH/2/90 (AY343936) SAT2/KEN/33/91 (AY343950) SAT2/KEN/8/ (DQ009729) 98 SAT2/KEN/16/98 (AY343962) SAT2/KEN/7/ (AF367132) SAT2/KEN/5/ (AF367131) SAT2/KEN/9/ (AF367133) 87 SAT2/TAN/1/75 (AY343970) SAT2/MAL/3/75 (AF3670) SAT2/TAN/1/86 (AY343971) SAT2/KEN/2/76 (AY343940) SAT2/KEN/3/95 (AY343957) SAT2/KEN/1/86 (AY343943) SAT2/KEN/1/87 (AY343944) 91 SAT2/KEN/1/84 (K7/84) (AY344505) SAT2/KEN/2/87 (AY343945) SAT2/ZIM/5/81 (EF134951) SAT2/ZIM/267/98* (AF367130)(buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/1/00* (AF367136)(buffalo) SAT2/ZIM/P25/91 (UR-17)(DQ009727) SAT2/ZIM/P27/90 (DSA-14)(DQ009728) SAT2/NAM/304/98* (AF367129)(buffalo) 96 SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 1) (AF367122) SAT2/BOT/P3/98 (buffalo 18) (AF367123) SAT2/NAM/286/98* (AF367127)(buffalo) SAT2/NAM/292/98* (AF367128)(buffalo) 74 SAT2/ZIM/1/88* (AF367108)(buffalo) 96 SAT2/ZIM/7/83* (AF136607) SAT2/ZIM/7/83* (DQ009726) 97 SAT2/GAM/8/79 (AF479410) 98 SAT2/GAM/9/79 (AF479411) SAT2/SEN/7/79 (AF479412) SAT2/SEN/3/83 (AF479413) SAT2/SEN/7/83 (AF479414) SAT2/SEN/7/83 (DQ009733) SAT2/GHA/8/91 (AF479416) SAT2/GHA/8/91 (DQ009732) SAT2/GHA/2/90 (AF479415) SAT2/NIG/2/75 (AF367139) SAT2/SEN/5/75 (AF367140) SAT2/SEN/5/75 (DQ009738) SAT2/SUD/6/77 (AY343939) SAT2/SUD/9/77 (AY442014) SAT2/ETH/2/2007 SAT2/ETH/2/91 SAT2/ETH/1/91 SAT2/ETH/3/91 SAT2/SAU/6/2000 (AF367135) SAT2/ERI/12/98 (AF367126) SAT2/ERI/1/98 (AY343933) SAT2/ERI/4/98 (AY343934) SAT2/ANG/4/74 (AF479417) SAT2/ANG/4/74 (DQ009736) SAT2/RWA/1/2000* (AF367134) SAT2/RWA/2/2001 (DQ009730) SAT2/ZAI/1/74 (DQ009737) SAT2/UGA/2/2002 (DQ009731) SAT2/ZAI/1/82 (AF367) SAT2/UGA/19/98 (AY343969) SAT2/UGA/28/98 (AY343968) SAT2/UGA/8/76 (AY343965) SAT2/UGA/51/75 (AY343963) SAT2/UGA/3/76 (AY343964) SAT2/KEN/11/60 (AY593849) SAT2/KEN/2/88 (AY343946) SAT2/KEN/7A/98 (AY343961) SAT2/KEN/7/95 (AY343956) SAT2/UGA/9/95 (AY343967) SAT2/KEN/1/96 (AY343960) SAT2/KEN/2/84 (AY343941) SAT2/KEN/1/89 (AY343947) SAT2/KEN/7/96 (AY343959) SAT2/KEN/3/92 (AY343951) SAT2/KEN/28/91 (AY343948) SAT2/KEN/1/92 (AY343953) SAT2/KEN/2/94 (AY343955) SAT2/KEN/1/85 (AY343942) SAT2/KEN/6/92 (AY343952) SAT2/KEN/8/91 (AY343949) SAT2/UGA/3/91 (AY343966) SAT2/KEN/1/94 (AY343954) SAT2/KEN/11/96 (AY343958) I III IV II VI V XIII XIV VII X1 VIII X XII IX 0.05
15 Figure 9: Neighbor joining tree comparing the complete VPI coding sequence of type SAT 1 FMD virus SAT1/NGR/2/76 (AF431718) SAT1/NIG/1/76 (AF431721) SAT1/NGR/1/76 (AF431717) SAT1/NIG/20/75 (AF431713) SAT1/NIG/5/76 (AF431723) SAT1/NIG/24/75 (AF431714) 87 SAT1/NIG/25/75 (AF431715) SAT1/NIG/11/75 (AF431711) SAT1/NIG/14/76 (AF431725) SAT1/NIG/2/76 (AF431722) SAT1/NIG/14/75 (AF431709) SAT1/NIG/15/75 (AF431710) SAT1/NIG/17/75 (AF431712) SAT1/NIG/6/76 (AF431716) SAT1/NIG/7/76 (AF431726) SAT1/NIG/20/76 (AF431727) SAT1/NGR/4/76 (AF431719) 90 SAT1/NGR/5/76 (AF431720) SAT1/NIG/8/76 (AF431724) SAT1/ETH/3/ SAT1/ETH/21/2007 SAT1/ETH/18/2007 SAT1/ETH/19/2007 SAT1/UGA/13/74 (AY442010) SAT1/SUD/3/76 (AY4416) SAT1/ISR/4/62 (AY593844) 72 SAT1/NIG/3/80 (AF431729) SAT1/NIG/5/81 (AF431730) 90 SAT1/NIG/10/81 (AF431731) SAT1/NIG/2/79 (AF431728) 91 SAT1/SUD/4/76 (AY4417) SAT1/SUD/13/74 (AY442000) 72 SAT1/SUD/8/74 (AY4418) SAT1/SUD/9/74 (AY4419) SAT1/BOT/1/68 (Z98203) SAT1/SWA/40/61 (AY593843) SAT1/SA/13/61 (AY593842) SAT1/SWA/1/49 (AY593840) SAT1/SR/2/58 (AY593841) SAT1/BEC/1/48 (AY593838) SAT1/UGA/3/ (AY442009) SAT1/UGA/7/ (AY442011) SAT1/UGA/1/97 (AY442012) SAT1/RV/11/37 (AY593839) SAT1/RHO/5/66 (AY593846) SAT1/TAN/60/ (AY442002) SAT1/TAN/13/74 (AY442001) SAT1/TAN/1/96 (AY442003) SAT1/TAN/2/77 (AY442008) SAT1/TAN/3/80 (AY442006) SAT1/TAN/37/ (AY442005) SAT1/TAN/19/96 (AY442013) SAT1/TAN/51/ (AY442004) SAT1/TAN/5/96 (AY442007) SAT1/KEN/4/98 (AY4413) SAT1/KEN/9/91 (AY4415) SAT1/KEN/11/91 (AY4414) V VI III (WZ) IV II (SEZ) I (NWZ) 0.05
16 Current status During June-August 2008 study which is funded by EUFMD, FMD outbreak in North-western part of the country was investigated and 20 tissue samples were collected. Tissue cultured and serotype O was isolated It will be send to IAH for further analysis Figure Area of FMD outbreak in July/August 2008 West Gojjam
17 Conclusion The records of MOARD from 19 to 2006 indicated that FMD outbreak occurred every year with the highest in 19 with 821 outbreaks Serotype O indicates that four distinct topotypes are circulating in East Africa, two in Ethiopia Serotype A Lay on African topotype, Serotype SAT 2: Three topotypes IV, XIII & XIV and Serotype SAT 1: One topotype V (isolated in 2007 for first time) Serotype C not isolated since 1983 In general the mean number of outbreaks, incidence rate and sero-prevalence of FMD showed that Tigray, central and southern part of Ethiopia are highly FMD affected areas.
18 Recommendations The Multivalent vaccine candidates should be formulated containing all serotypes isolated. Those areas with highest rate of FMD infection should be considered during control programme. The importance of wildlife in the role of FMD should be studied.
19 Acknowledgements Rothamsted International for funding my 8 months stay in IAH, WRL-IAH for sample processing, RVC, UK: Allow me to attend GIS course and helping me for data analysis EUFMD/FAO for funding the current FMD study project and my participation in this meeting
20 Thank you!
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