HST 721 Lecture 4: Mechanics, electromotility and the cochlear amplifier
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1 HST 721 Lecture 4: Mechanics, electromotility and the cochlear amplifier 1
2 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion 2
3 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion Bekesy s experiments on cadaveric ears
4 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion Bekesy s experiments on cadaveric ears Bekesy's BM Tuning Curve Auditory Nerve Tuning Curve Frequency (khz) Is there a second filter?: Wilson and Johnstone,
5 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion Passive cochlear Models Vary mass and spring stiffness systematically from base to apex Model will generate traveling waves, with resonant peaks like those observed by Bekesy in the dead ear. 5
6 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion BM has a vulnerable, compressive nonlinearity
7 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion BM tuning is as sharp as AN tuning
8 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion Effects of Furosemide: Effects of Death: BM Ruggero and Rich, 1991 ANF Most manipulations that raise AN thresholds (including death) are reflected in decreased and linearized BM vibration 8
9 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion Major nonlinearities in AN response are seen in BM vibration: e.g. Distortion Products 9
10 10
11 Loss of OHCs elevates threshold at CF
12 Stimulation of efferents to OHCs raises threshold at CF MOC 12 12
13 Cochlear echoes: forward and reverse transduction Passive Coupler Normal Ear 13
14 Outer Hair Cells show electromotility in vitro QuickTime and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. 14
15 Electromotility Key Observations: 1. Seen in OHCs only 2. Survives total replacement of cell cytoplasm: Holley and Ashmore Motors present all along OHC supranuclear wall: Hallworth et al
16 More Key Observations: 4. Charge flow during OHC movement suggests gating current (1990) 5. Charge flow (dq) from voltage step (dv) depends on starting voltage: i.e. nonlinear capacitance 16
17 More Key Observations: 6. Manipulations that decrease nonlinear capacitance decrease motility (1996) 17
18 Identifying the motor protein: Anatomical Observations 18
19 The molecular biology approach: Zheng et al isolate IHCs and OHCs purify RNA from each and make cdna enrich for OHC-specific products by subtractive hybridization sequence and choose candidates express genes in cell system and assess electromotility 19
20 The structure of Prestin The model 20
21 Targeted Deletion: making a knockout mouse Recombination Construct from Cloned Gene 1 cm = 1 Mb 21
22 Targeted Deletion: making a knockout mouse Knockout Mouse F1 is a hybrid strain: C57Bl/ /SvJ 22
23 +/+ +/- -/- The prestin knockout Assess function in vitro and in vivo 23
24 The prestin knockout: In vitro, OHCs from knockout mouse have no electromotility In vivo, knockout mouse shows db threshold elevation by ABR 24
25 Is stereocilia motility important? The prestin knockout Assess function in vitro and in vivo Other candidates for cochlear amplifiers include the motor which drives the spontaneous oscillations in hair bundles from non mammalian vertebrates Martin, Mehta and Hudspeth,
26 The prestin-mediated electromotility must form part of a feedback loop enhancing BM vibrations. Neely, 1993 Most details of cochlear micromechanics are still unclear 26
27 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation 27
28 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation 28
29 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
30 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
31 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation IHCs Tallest row of OHC stereocilia appear firmly embedded in TM in all mammals and all cochlear regions. IHC stereocilia appear more loosely attached, especially in apical turns. OHCs 31
32 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation These differences in TM attachment inspired the view that displacement might be key to excitation in OHCs, whereas velocity might be key in IHCs. At some frequencies and in some cochlear regions, the phase of response of IHCs is 90 degrees ahead of OHCs - consistent with displacement vs. velocity as the key to excitation 32
33 Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation Data from AN fibers suggests a very complicated relation between phases of BM displacement/velocity and AN excitation 33
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