X-ray Safety Discussion and Tour for Health Physicists

Transcription

1 X-ray Safety Discussion and Tour for Health Physicists April 1, 2016 Health Physics Society Spring Meeting Jerry Bai Environmental Administrator, Field Operations Bureau of Radiation Control Florida Department of Health 1

2 Field Operations has 37 staff 5 Regions 5 Managers 28 Inspectors 4 Support Staff 2

3 Telework Based out of their homes Fully equipped: Laptops Broadband Cell Phones Vehicle Field Operations vs. the Bureau office in Tallahassee 3

4 X-ray versus Radioactive Material (RAM) X-rays turn off, RAM does not Generally: RAM contaminates (mostly), X-rays do not X-rays are easy to dispose (mostly), RAM not so easy X-ray doses are far more acute than RAM doses 4

5 Acute Exposures Fortunately, most x-ray exposures are in fractions of a second But not all x-ray exposures are short 5

6 Respect the Beam Dental Intra-oral tube 70 kilo-voltage peak (kvp), 15 milli-amperes (ma), 19 9 source to skin distance (SSD) 3.5 R/sec Or 210 R/min Or 12,600 R/hr Or 1,370 Curies (Ci) Iridium 9 6

7 Respect the Beam Chiropractic Radiography Tube 80 kvp, 200mA, 100 milli-seconds SSD 4.2 R/sec Or 252 R/min Or 15,120 R/hr Or 19,600 Ci of 7

8 Volume of X-ray Machines ~54,000 x-ray tubes in Florida ~17,000 x-ray tubes inspected annually 8

9 X-ray Protection Minimize exposure time Maximize distance and shielding 9

10 Additional X-ray Protection Turn off Warning Labels and signs Visual and aural exposure warnings Exposure monitors Interrupts Detents Secured radiation area Operator training Machine maintenance Well designed 10

11 Types of x-ray machines Medical Non-medical 11

12 Tour of Ionizing Radiation Machines Safety through awareness and discussion Discussion focus on Operator Safety 12

13 Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) must have 1 year experience as a radiographer and 16 hours of RSO training Radiographers must be certified 6 month audit of radiographers 13

14 Industrial Radiography Maintain source log Maintain dosimetry log Designated, secured boundaries with warning signs Can continuously expose for long periods 14

15 Industrial Radiography Survey meters and surveys required Two-man crews in field Radiation badge, pocket dosimeter, and alarming ratemeters required 15

16 Industrial Radiography Shielded Room 16

17 Industrial CT Classified as Cabinet or Industrial Radiography 17

18 Irradiators Blood Food Sterilization 18

19 Gauges Used to measure density or spectrum 19

20 Deuterium-Tritium Neutron Generator Very powerful neutron generators Well logging Gauges 20

21 Bomb Unit Used by military and law enforcement 21

22 Cyclotron Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Activation (neutron) energies Installed in shielded vaults Requires cooldown before entering vault 22

23 Research Accelerators Universities Research Departments 23

24 Dryers Electron accelerator beams to dry 24

25 Ion Implanters Chip Manufacture 25

26 Handheld Analyzers X-ray gun Analyzes target through backscatter 26

27 Analyzers and Cabinets Usually, sealed with interrupts to prevent inadvertent exposure 27

28 Baggage X-ray Everywhere 28

29 Whole Body Security Scanners Airports Prisons 29

30 Bone Scanner Pencil beam Or Fan Beam Operator usually in room during scan 30

31 Medical X-Ray Note: Veterinary facilities utilize nearly all types of human use X-ray units 31

32 Bone Scanner - Extremity Small Portable 32

33 Intra-Oral Dental We ve all had this Most dental practices use digital receptors 33

34 Hand Held Dental Shield required Held at arm s length 34

35 Dental Multi Function Cephalometric Panograph 35

36 Mammography Food and Drug Administration, Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) Inspections 36

37 Mammography Biopsy Stereotactic breast biopsy 37

38 Mobile Radiography Used for diagnostic x-ray 38

39 Radiographic and Fluoroscopy Rooms Radiology department Combination of Radiographic and Fluoroscopy in one room 39

40 Specials and Cath Labs Very busy Lots of customization 40

41 Cysto Rooms Urology Seed Implants 41

42 Mobile Fluoroscopy Surgery Pain clinics 42

43 Computed Tomography Conventional Perfusion studies CT Fluoroscopy 43

44 Mobile CT On wheels! 44

45 Vertical CT Patient stands 45

46 Superficial Therapy Use for treatment of skin cancer 46

47 Therapy Accelerator 6-21 Million electron volts (MeV) Used for treatment of cancer 47

48 Positioning Tubes Used to position accelerator therapy patients 48

49 Proton Accelerator Therapy Huge Very complex 49

50 CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery 50

51 Electronic Brachytherapy Disposable tubes 51

52 Contacts Jerry Bai X-ray Machine Program