Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIO-5004A Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C. Write answers to EACH SECTION in the Answer Grid or SEPARATE booklet. The maximum number of marks available for your answers in SECTION A is 40 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION B is 30 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION C is 30 marks The TOTAL number of marks available for the paper is 100 Numbers in square brackets [ ] indicate the relevant mark applied to each part of the question. Graph paper is provided. Notes are not permitted in this examination. Do not turn over until you are told to do so by the Invigilator. BIO-5004A Module Contact: Dr Jeremy Rhodes, BIO Copyright of the University of East Anglia Version 1

2 2 SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE AND SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Answer ALL questions [40 marks] Answer multiple choice questions in the answer grid provided and attach this to your booklet for Section A. Unless stated otherwise, all multiple choice questions have ONE answer. 1. Which of the fluid compartments of the body contains most of the body s water? a) Intracellular b) Extracellular c) Interstitial d) Blood plasma e) Serum 2. Double bonds in the fatty acid tails of lipid molecules cause which change in the properties of the membrane? a) Increased cholesterol content b) Increased fluidity c) Decreased membrane potential d) Decreased hydophobicity e) Increased lipid rafts 3. Surfactant is produced by which cells in the lungs? a) Type II alveolar cells b) Type I alveolar cells c) Endothelial cells d) Alveolar macrophages e) Goblet cells 4. The hollow ventricles of the brain are filled with: a) acetylcholine b) microglial cells c) choroid plexus d) cerebrospinal fluid e) macroglial cells Section A continues on next page/...

3 3 Section A continued The tenth cranial nerve, which carries a large portion of the parasympathetic nerve fibres, is called the: a) abducent b) hypoglossal c) vagus d) trigeminal e) glossopharyngeal 6. Interneurons can be excitatory or inhibitory neurons but they are found exclusively in the: a) central nervous system b) peripheral nervous system c) autonomic nervous system d) somatic nervous system e) sympathetic nervous system 7. Outer hair cells increase hearing sensitivity through the process of: a) electro-repulsion b) static forces c) passive diffusion d) action potentials e) electro-motility 8. The main function of heart valves is to: a) regulate heart rate b) ensure no mixing of arterial and venous blood c) prevent backflow of blood between ventricular and atrial compartments d) filter blood e) facilitate propagation of cardiac action potential 9. The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart predicts that: a) increased venous return to the heart increases stroke volume b) increased venous return to the heart decreases stroke volume c) increased arterial pressure (afterload) reduces stroke volume d) increased arterial pressure (afterload) increases stroke volume e) the contractile force of left and right ventricles are equal Section A continues on next page/... TURN OVER

4 4 Section A continued Which of these sentences best describes terminal arterioles? a) Small diameter, low elasticity, muscular microvessels b) High elasticity, large diameter blood vessels c) The smallest diameter arteries that lack innervation by sympathetic nerves d) Small diameter, highly elastic microvessels that supply organs e) Highly elastic blood vessels with valves 11. Which of these molecules could be described as a biolubricant in synovial fluid? a) Versican b) Hyaluronan c) Collagen d) Proteoglycan e) Fibronectin 12. Which of the following compounds/proteins is normally not removed from the blood stream by glomerular filtration in the kidney? a) Erythropoietin b) Insulin c) IgM Immunoglobulins d) Vasopressin/ADH e) Angiotensin II 13. Which statement on the regulation of body sodium/potassium levels is incorrect? a) Plasma Aldosterone acts on the cortical collecting ducts b) Reduced plasma volume induces increased production of Angiotensin II c) Sodium excess causes decreased ANF and increased sodium reabsorption d) Aldosterone stimulates potassium reabsorption e) Increased Aldosterone decreases sodium excretion Section A continues on next page/...

5 5 Section A continued Which gene is affected in most patients of X-linked Alport s syndrome? a) COL1A2 (Collagen I/alpha2 chain) b) COL4A5 (Collagen IV/alpha5 chain) c) LAMA2 (Laminin alpha2 chain) d) Nidogen 1/NID1 e) Nephrin/NPH1 15. Which of the following steps of the Renin-Angiotensin regulatory system is linked with the lung? a) Synthesis of the enzyme Renin b) Production of Angiotensinogen c) Synthesis of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) d) Secretion of Aldosterone e) Regulation of cell functions by Angiotensin II 16. Which of the following represents the correct physiological event in response to calcium levels rising in the blood? a) Calcitonin is released by the bone which causes more calcium reabsorption by the kidneys b) Parathyroid hormone stimulates the pituitary to release more calcitonin c) Calcitonin is released by the parathyroid gland which prevents osteoclasts from resorbing bone d) Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland which prevents osteoclasts from resorbing bone e) Parathyroid hormone is released by the pituitary and inhibits osteoclasts Section A continues on next page/... TURN OVER

6 6 Section A continued Which of the following lighting arrangements on an off-centre receptive field will maximally stimulate the retinal ganglion cell? a) b) c) d) e) 18. Which of the following is associated with Types II diabetes? a) Alpha cells in the pancreas no longer make insulin b) Liver cells lack responsiveness to insulin c) Beta cells in the pancreas no longer make insulin d) Insulin receptors are absent from muscle cells e) Insulin responses in liver and muscle are much less efficient % of the CO2 transported in the veins to the lungs is in which form? a) Dissolved in the plasma b) Bicarbonate c) Carbaminohaemoglobin d) Carbonic anhydrase e) Carboxyhaemoglobin Section A continues on next page/...

7 7 Section A continued Which member of the troponin complex binds Ca 2+ to initiate the cross-bridge cycle? a) G-actin b) Troponin I c) Troponin C d) Troponin T e) Tropomysin For all remaining questions in Section A, please use an answer booklet. Remember to attach your multiple choice answer grid to the booklet. 21. To be classified as a neurotransmitter a substance has to satisfy four criteria. Briefly state these criteria. [4 marks] 22. Describe the location and role of baroreceptors during a physiological response to decreasing arterial blood pressure. [5 marks] 23. What principal components of the synovial joint are labelled in this diagram? (Write your answers in the answer booklet, DO NOT write on the exam paper.) [6 marks] Section A continues on next page/... TURN OVER

8 8 Section A continued Briefly outline the biological role of the pineal gland and melatonin. [5 marks] END OF SECTION A START YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEXT SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Section B begins on next page/...

9 9 SECTION B: DATA HANDLING QUESTION ANSWER THIS SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Answer ALL PARTS of this question [30 marks] 25. To investigate the possible link between hypermetropia (far sightedness) in myotonic dystrophy patients and intraocular pressure (IOP), a study was conducted which included comparing the IOP in DM pateints with unaffected people. The results of the IOP measurements are contained in Table 1. A B Mean SD Normal DM Table 1. Intraocular pressure (mmhg) measurements in people both with and without myotonic dystrophy (DM). (a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation (SD) to 2 decimal places for each data set and complete Table 1 (write your answers in the answer booklet, DO NOT write on the exam paper). Draw a bar chart comparing the mean values and include the SDs. [12 marks] Section B Q25 continues on next page/... TURN OVER

10 10 Section B Q25 continued... (b) Compare the mean values using Equation 1 (Student t test) below to calculate the t value. [10 marks] Equation 1: (c) Check your calculated t value against the value in Appendix 1 at the 5% significance level using df = (na 1) + (nb 1). NB. If your value for t is greater than the value in the table then you can reject the null hypothesis. [2 marks] (d) Briefly explain what your result tells you about the IOPs measured in DM patients compared to the unaffected individuals. How is IOP regulated in the eye and how might these processes be affected in DM? How could a change in IOP cause far sightedness? [6 marks] END OF SECTION B START YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEXT SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Section C begins on next page/...

11 11 SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTION ANSWER THIS SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Answer ONE question [30 marks] 26. Discuss the mechanisms by which dietary fats, carbohydrates and proteins are digested and absorbed across the intestinal epithelium. 27. In view of the mechanosensory function of stereocilia discuss why mutations in cadherin 23 cause deafness. 28. From the absorption of a photon of light to the release of neurotransmitter, describe phototransduction in a rod cell. END OF PAPER

12 SECTION B Q25 - APPENDIX 1 UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIO-5004A