Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.

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1 UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIO-5004A / BIO-2B05 Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C. Write answers to EACH SECTION in the ANSWER GRID or SEPARATE booklet. The maximum number of marks available for your answers in SECTION A is 40 marks. The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION B is 30 marks. The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION C is 30 marks. The TOTAL number of marks available for the paper is 100. Numbers in square brackets [ ] indicate the relevant mark applied to each part of the question. Graph paper is provided. Notes are not permitted in this examination. Do not turn over until you are told to do so by the Invigilator BIO-5004A / BIO-2B05 Module Contact: Dr Jeremy Rhodes, BIO Copyright of the University of East Anglia Version 1

2 2 SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE AND SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Answer ALL questions. Answer multiple choice questions in the answer grid provided and attach this to your booklet for Section A. 1. Maintenance of the constancy of the internal environment of the body or part of the body. Which central organising principle of physiology does this statement describe? a) Homeopathy b) Homeostasis c) The conditions required for cell culture. d) The humoral theory of physiology e) The scientific study of function in living systems 2. Body temperature rises - increased sweating - body temperature falls. Which one of the following best describes this process? a) Positive feedback b) Positive and negative feedback c) Regulation of body fluid content d) Negative feedback e) The baroceptor reflex 3. The lipid bilayer spanning regions of membrane proteins contain a high proportion of amino acids with which type of side chain? a) Polar b) Hydrophillic c) Unsaturated d) Charged e) Hydrophobic 4. Secondary active transporters utilises what source of power to transport glucose into cells? a) Concentration gradient b) Hydrolysis of ATP c) Potassium channels d) Na + electrochemical gradient e) K+ electrochemical gradient Section A continues on next page/...

3 3 Section A continued Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the target neuron and are usually generated through the influx or efflux of which ions into the post-synaptic neuron? a) Sodium and calcium ions b) Sodium or chloride ions c) Chloride and calcium ions d) Chloride or potassium ions e) Calcium or potassium ions 6. Which of the following statements best describes the action of insulin? a) Causes cells to release glucose into the blood stream. b) Counteracts hypoglycaemia. c) Stimulates pancreatic alpha cells to secret somatostatin. d) Stimulates cells to increase glucose levels by gluconeogenesis. e) Stimulates cells to increase glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. 7. The third cranial nerve is purely motor. It is responsible for movement of which muscles? a) Facial muscles b) Eye muscles c) Tongue d) Trapezius (neck) muscles e) Pharynx (throat) muscles 8. Which area of the brain is responsible for co-ordination of fine motor movements? a) Medulla Oblongata b) Cerebral cortex c) Thalamus d) Pons and midbrain e) Cerebellum Section A continues on next page/... TURN OVER

4 4 Section A continued Hair cells are located in the: a) outer ear b) cochlear duct c) middle ear d) tympanic cavity e) tectorial membrane 10. The tip-link of stereocilia controls: a) the opening of potassium ion channels b) the blood supply c) the actin cytoskeleton d) the link to the basilar membrane e) the opening of sodium ion channels 11. Outer hair cells increase hearing sensitivity through the process of: a) electro-repulsion b) static forces c) passive diffusion d) action potentials e) electro-motility 12. Which protein is mostly affected in X-linked Alport s syndrome? a) Nephrin b) Carbonic anhydrase c) Collagen type-iv d) Laminin-2 e) Collagen type-i 13. Which one of the named processes does not happen in the kidney? a) Regulation of arterial blood pressure b) Production of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) c) Control of acid-base balance d) Production of renin e) Synthesis of glucose Section A continues on next page/...

5 5 Section A continued For a long sighted individual not wearing glasses which one of the following statements is true? a) An image is formed in front of the retina. b) Converging lenses are used to correct myopia. c) A virtual image is formed in front of the eye. d) The lens is unable to bring near objects into focus on the retina. e) Hypermetropia is caused by aberrations in the cornea. 15. What does calcitonin do? a) Acts to increase blood sodium b) Inhibits osteoclast activity to decrease blood calcium c) Stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood calcium d) Synergises the effect of parathyroid hormone to increase blood calcium e) Stimulates intracellular calcium release 16. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) stimulates vasorelaxation by: a) Activating smooth muscle guanylate cyclase b) Inhibiting smooth muscle protein kinase B c) Increasing smooth muscle calcium entry d) Stimulating sympathetic drive e) Activating smooth muscle adenylate cyclase 17. Factors that influence resistance to blood flow R are described by the Hagen- Poiseuille equation R = 8Ln / πr 4. Which symbol represents blood viscosity? a) R b) L c) n d) π e) r Section A continues on next page/... TURN OVER

6 6 Section A continued What do alveolar type II cells secrete to decrease surface tension and prevent the collapse of the alveolus? a) Surfactant b) Sodium bicarbonate c) Pleural fluid d) Sodium chloride e) Pleural fluid and sodium chloride 19. The Haldane effect describes that: a) deoxygenated blood increases the ability of haemoglobin to carry carbon dioxide b) high C02 concentrations cause decreases in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen c) low H + concentrations decrease the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen d) oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity to carry carbon dioxide e) both A and D above For all remaining questions in Section A, please use an answer booklet. Remember to attach your multiple choice answer grid to the booklet. 20. Fill in the missing words ((a) (c)) from the list below in this description of the cross bridge cycle. (Write your answers in your answer booklet, do not write your answers on the exam paper). [3 marks] Calcium binds to troponin exposing the (a) binding sites. Myosin binds to actin thin filaments, Pi is released initiating the power stroke. ADP is released leaving myosin in its (b) state. ATP binds releasing the myosin from the actin. ATP is hydrolysed cocking the myosin head in the (c) form ready for the cycle to restart. i. Myosin ii. Low energy iii. F-actin iv. High energy v. Contracted vi. Relaxed Section A continues on next page/...

7 Section A continued... 21. Identify each of the numbered labels ((a) (e)) in figure 1 from the list ((i) (viii)) below.

Extraocular muscle iii. Anterior chamber iv. Conjunctiva v. Vitreous humour vi. Blind spot vii. Ciliary body viii. Fovea 22.

7 7 Section A continued Identify each of the numbered labels ((a) (e)) in figure 1 from the list ((i) (viii)) below. (Write your answers in your answer booklet, do not write your answers on the exam paper). [5 marks] Figure 1. A diagram of the eye showing the major features. i. Sclera ii. Extraocular muscle iii. Anterior chamber iv. Conjunctiva v. Vitreous humour vi. Blind spot vii. Ciliary body viii. Fovea 22. Where are the central chemoreceptors located and what do they detect in order to control breathing? [2 marks] 23. What two processes determine the composition of alveolar air? [2 marks] 24. In the adult brain, the hypothalamus controls key homeostatic and cognitive functions. List four of these. [4 marks] Section A continues on next page/... TURN OVER

8 8 Section A continued If all the neural connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary were severed, the secretion of which pituitary hormones would be affected? Which type of hormones would not be affected, and give an example? [5 marks] END OF SECTION A START YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEXT SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Section B begins on next page/...

9 9 SECTION B: DATA HANDLING QUESTION Answer ALL PARTS of this question [30 marks] 26. In an investigation of the role of the autonomic nervous system on regulating heart rate individuals were given two drugs. Table 1 shows the heart rates (HR) recorded in ten individuals given either atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitor, or propranolol, a beta adrenergic receptor inhibitor (Beta blocker) either singly or both together. The resting heart rates were recorded at the start of the experiment. Individual Resting HR Atropine Propranolol Atropine and Propranolol Mean SD Table 1. Heart rates (beats/min) recorded in individuals treated with Atropine and Propranolol. (a) Calculate the means to the nearest heartbeat and their standard deviations to one decimal place and enter your answers in the table in Appendix 1 (to be handed in with your answer booklet for Section B, do not write your answer on the exam paper). Display them as a bar chart on the graph paper provided. [12 marks] (b) Describe the effects of the two drugs when used on their own. Explain why their effects are different and comment on the difference in the relative effects on heart rate of the two drugs? [8 marks] (c) Describe and comment on any differences between the resting HR and the rate recorded in the presence of both drugs together. What does this say about the roles of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems in regulating HR? [10 marks] END OF SECTION B START YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEXT SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Section C begins on next page/... TURN OVER

10 10 SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTION Answer ONE question [30 marks] 27. Compare and contrast the ionic conductances involved in generating action potentials in cardiac pacemaker cells and ventricular myocytes, commenting on how these properties are important for their function. 28. Describe the cellular mechanisms and regulation of gastric acid secretion. How does Helicobacter pylori infection influence duodenal ulcer formation? 29. Discuss the mechanosensory function of stereocilia and explain why mutations in myosin VIIa cause deafness. END OF PAPER

11 UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIO-5004A / BIO 2B05 Registration Number SECTION B Q26 (a) APPENDIX 1 TO BE HANDED IN WITH YOUR ANSWER BOOKLET FOR SECTION B Individual Resting HR Atropine Propranolol Atropine and Propranolol Mean SD Table 1. Heart rates (beats/min) recorded in individuals treated with Atropine and Propranolol. PLEASE ATTACH THIS SHEET TO YOUR ANSWER BOOKLET

12 Registration Number UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIO-5004A / BIO-2B05 SECTION A: Answer Grid (for Multiple Choice Questions only) Place a single cross in the appropriate box Question No. A B C D E Marks given Marks available

13 BIO-5004A EXAMINATION MARKERS [Do not print this when printing to take to Examinations Office! This is for our information only.] Question No. 1 st Marker 2 nd Marker Section A Q1 25 Dr J. D. Rhodes Dr A. Chantry Section B Q26 Dr J. D. Rhodes Dr G. Riley Section C Q27 Dr S. Fountain Dr E. Poschl Section C Q28 Dr J. D. Rhodes Dr M. Hajihosseini Section C Q29 Dr M. Mogensen Dr M. Williams

Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.

UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination 2016-17 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIO-5004A Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question