Biology 153/155. Equivalency Exam 60 QUESTIONS 18 PAGES

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1 Biology 153/155 Equivalency Exam 60 QUESTIONS 18 PAGES Student name: Student number: Signature: READ EACH QUESTION CAREFULLY. The mark value for each question is posted in the margin. Good luck!

2 3 1) On the following picture indicate the following: Intrinsic membrane protein Peripheral membrane protein Phospholipid Glycoprotein Cholesterol 1 2) What do we mean when we say a molecule is amphipathic? 2 3) Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and secondary active transport. 1

3 2 4) Describe the function of the sodium-potassium pump. 2 5) What is unique about the S stage of the cell cycle? 1 6) What are homologous chromosomes? 3 7) Complete the following table: Epithelial tissue Simple squamous Describe the structure. (cell layers and shape) Provide an example of where this epithelium is located. What is the function of this epithelium? Non-ciliated simple columnar Stratified squamous 2

4 3 8) Compare and contrast sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons. 4 9) What is happening in terms of ion movements and membrane ion permeabilities at A D shown in the following image. A) B) C) D) 3

5 2 10) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Briefly explain how it accomplishes this. 2 11) What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid and where is it produced? 4 12) Part A: What is the function of myelin? Part B: What two cell types form myelin? 4

6 3 13) Explain the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the regulation of the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. 3 14) Briefly explain how steroid hormones affect their target cells. 4 15) What role does the G-protein G q perform in cells? 2 16) What hormonal response would you expect after a large drop in blood glucose? Explain why. 5

7 2 17) People under prolonged stress tend to get ill more often than people under little stress. What is one possible physiologic explanation for this? 3 18) Specifically, where are the following hormones synthesized and secreted from? Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids Gonadocorticoids 3 19) Describe the function of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. 2 20) What is the role of calcium and collagen in bone? 6

8 2 21) An apparently healthy 25 year old male presents with a broken leg, which was the result of a simple misstep. Why should levels of parathyroid hormone be checked? 5 22) Draw a neuromuscular synapse (i.e. the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell). Briefly outline the steps involved in synaptic transmission. 5 23) Organophosphate insecticides are very toxic to humans, as well as insects. They have been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction. How would this compromise synaptic function? 7

9 4 24) Briefly outline the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle cells (the process whereby electrical signals in the membrane trigger mechanical shortening in the muscle cell) 2 25) How does normal blood flow prevent inappropriate blood clotting? 2 26) What happens to dead or damaged red blood cells? 4 27) List the nutritional requirements for red blood cell synthesis. 8

10 4 28) What are the key functions of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes? 3 29) Upon traveling to high altitude, the rate of red blood cell synthesis increases. Describe this process. 3 30) What is the pacemaker of the heart and how is it able to generate action potential spontaneously? 2 31) During the plateau phase of the myocyte action potential, calcium enters the myocyte. Why is calcium entry important? 9

11 1 32) What are the two factors which determine cardiac output? 3 33) Outline the steps involved in the cardiac cycle. 2 34) What effect does norepinephrine have on the electrical characteristics of pacemaker cells? 2 35) Describe the role of gap junctions in the heart. Do they perform a similar function in skeletal muscles? 10

12 3 36) Draw a capillary joining an arteriole to a venule. Outline the relationship between the hydrostatic pressures and osmotic pressures observed along the capillary and the movement of fluid in and out. 1 37) If a patient s blood plasma protein level drops too low, what effect will it have on capillary exchange? 3 38) Describe the baroreceptor reflex. 11

13 3 39) Outline the renin-angiotensin system briefly. What is its role in the body? 3 40) What role does the arteriovenous shunt play in the skin? 4 41) Outline the various ways that CO 2 is carried in the blood. Remember to include intracellular (in the red blood cells) and extracellular reactions. 2 42) Describe the mucociliary defense mechanism of the lungs. 12

14 2 43) What muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation at rest? 2 44) What factors influence the diffusion capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane? 3 45) Draw the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin and outline the effect of ph on O 2 binding. What does this actually mean, in terms of O 2 transport and delivery? 2 46) Where does chemical digestion of starch (carbohydrate) start? Explain why. 13

15 2 47) What secretions are produced by parietal cells of the gastric glands. What are the functions of these secretions? 1 48) What features of the small intestine increase the surface area for maximal nutrient absorption? 1 49) What is the role of segmental contraction in the small intestine? 4 50) What is the brush border in the small intestine, and why is it important? 14

16 2 51) What is a chylomicron, and what process is it involved in? 2 52) Outline the role of the hepatic portal system. 2 53) A patient presents with a yellowish discolouration to his skin. What function of the liver is most likely impaired? 3 54) Are all the segments of the kidney nephron permeable to water? Briefly explain your answer. 15

17 1 55) Explain how a decrease in renal perfusion influences the glomerular filtration rate. 2 56) What structure is formed where the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule meet? 4 57) What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis? 1 58) When are the primary oocytes produced? 16

18 3 59) Describe the changes in the uterus during the female reproductive cycle. 2 60) What is the function of the protease found in prostate gland secretions? 17