POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES PROGRAMME

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1 @ POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES PROGRAMME QUALIFICATION(S): Bachelor of Biomedical Sciences QUALIFICATION CODE: 50BBMS NQF LEVEL: LEVEL 6 COURSE NAME: COURSE CODE: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1B DATE: NOVEMBER 2014 DURATION: 3 HOURS MARKS: OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER EXAMINER: Ms E van der Coif MODERATOR: Mr C lzaaks INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Answer all the questions in the booklet provided 2. All written work MUST be done in blue or black ink and sketches must be done in pencils. PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS Non-Programmable Calculator ATTACHMENTS: None This paper consists of 6 pages excluding this cover

2 SECTION A (38 MARKS) QUESTION 1 [10] Evaluate the statements in each numbered section and select the most appropriate answer or phrase from the given possibilities. Fill in the appropriate letter next to the number of the statemenuphrase. 1.1 The following type of non-steroid hormones are short chains of amino acids e.g. the hormones from the posterior pituitary: (1) Peptide hormones Amines Prostaglandins Protein hormones 1.2 Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas contain the following type of cells except: ( 1) Alpha cells which secrete glucagon Beta cells which secrete insulin Delta cells which secrete somatostatin Gamma cells which secrete prostaglandins 1.3 The biconcave shape of red blood cells ensures the following except: (1) A bigger surface area is available for diffusion of gases The cell membrane is nearer to oxygen carrying haemoglobin The cell is more rigid when it leaves the bone marrow The red blood cell can squeeze through narrow capillaries 1.4 During systole of the ventricle: (1) Semilunar valves close Ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure Atrio-ventricular valves are open because pressure is higher in the atria The atrium remains relaxed 1.5 Particles which are filtered out by the lymph nodes include the following except: ( 1) (E) (F) Hormones Micro-organisms Dead or alive phagocytes containing phagocytized material Cells from malignant tumours Old or damaged cells Inhaled particles

3 1.6 When a person is injected with live micro-organisms which have been inactivated and cannot cause disease, it is classified as: (1) Active naturally acquired immunity Passive naturally acquired immunity Passive artificially acquired immunity Active artificially acquired immunity 1. 7 The following is true of the diffusion of gases: (1) Molecules diffuse from lower partial pressure to higher partial pressure until equilibrium is reached When a gas dissolves in blood its partial pressure is not proportional to its concentration PC02 of blood in pulmonary capillaries = 40 mm Hg and PC02 in alveolar air = 45 mm Hg P02 of blood in lung capillaries = 40 mm Hg and P02 in blood which leaves the lungs= 104 mm Hg. 1.8 The following is true of bile except: ( 1 ) The function of the gall bladder is to store and release bile When a meal has been eaten the duodenum secretes secretin which causes the sphincter in the hepatopancreatic duct to relax Bile has a ph of around 4 The bile and pancreatic juice passes into the duodenum together (E) In the ileum, bile salts are reabsorbed and returned to the liver in the portal vein 1.9 In the small intestine, chyme coming from the stomach is mixed with the following: ( 1 ) Intestinal juice Pancreatic juice Bile from the gall bladder All of the above 1.10 When blood glucose concentration reaches the renal plasma threshold, the following happens: (1) Some glucose appears in urine All glucose is reabsorbed in the renal tubules All glucose stays in the blood No glucose is filtered out of the glomerulus 2

4 QUESTION 2 [10] Assess the following statements and decide whether they are true or false. Write only the number of the question and TRUE for a true statement or FALSE for a false statement next to the number of the question. 2.1 The effect of aldosterone on the cells which line the tubules in the kidney is the production of more Na+/K+ pumps. (1) 2.2 The intrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered by biochemical substances that are released from damaged tissues or broken blood vessels. (1) 2.3 During a cardiac cycle, rise and fall in the pressures inside the heart cause valves to open and close. (1) 2.4 Lysozyme which is found in tears is part of the humoral immune response. (1) 2.5 In the lungs gas is exchanged over a layer of alveolar wall and blood capillary wall fused together. (1) 2.6 Pulmonary veins carry blood rich in carbon dioxide. ( 1) 2. 7 Plasma is filtered out of the blood faster than it is pulled back. The net effect is the formation of tissue fluid. (1) 2.8 In the alveoli, ciliated epithelium and mucus are no longer present. Cells like macrophages and lymphocytes in the lung tissue provide protection. (1) 2.9 H+ is actively secreted throughout the whole renal tubule The hormone LH triggers ovulation. ( 1 ) ( 1) QUESTION 3 [18] Define I briefly describe the following terms 3.1 Endocrine gland 3.2 Prostaglandins 3.3 The function of B-lymphocytes 3.4 Haemostasis 3.5 Baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system 3.6 Thrombosis 3

5 3.7 The composition of lymph versus plasma 3.8 The muscles of breathing 3.9 The origin of bilirubin SECTION B (72 MARKS) QUESTION 4 [11] 4.1 Match each hormone in the first column with the appropriate effect in the second column. (5) Hormone Effect - - A. Insulin 1. Increases permeability of capillaries, causes contraction of smooth muscles in bronchi --. B. Anti-diuretic hormone 2. Decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels C. Calcitonin 3. Makes fight or flight response possible -- D. Histamine 4. Reduces blood glucose level E. Adrenaline 5. Reduces excretion of urine Describe three mechanisms by which the release of hormones is regulated, and give an example of an appropriate hormone in each case. (6) QUESTION 5 [10] List five major components of blood plasma apart from water, and give an example of each. (10) QUESTION 6 [13] 6.1 Describe the valves of the heart, indicating the route of blood through each. (8) 6.2 Explain the homeostatic control mechanism to correct high blood pressure (5)

6 QUESTION 7 [10] 7.1 List three actions of antibodies in the body to explain how antibodies protect us from infections. (3) 7.2 Identify four functions of the spleen. 7.3 Compare the composition of plasma, lymph and tissue fluid. (4) (3) QUESTION 8 [9] 8.1 Describe the homeostatic control mechanism to correct low blood p02. Identify the different components of the control mechanism, and describe their actions. (Half marks) (5) 8.2 Indicate where carbon dioxide is transported from in the human body. Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. (4) QUESTION 9 [5] Trace the pathway of bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum and back to the liver. (5) QUESTION 10 [9] 10.1 Identify the substances which are found in a urine sample of a healthy person. (4) 10.2 Name two substances which may be found in urine under pathological conditions Summarize the processes that contribute to urine formation. (3) QUESTION 11 [5] 11.1 Explain the origin and physiological function of the hormone beta-hcg Elaborate on the application of the beta-hcg test in a clinical laboratory. (3)

7 SECTION C (10 MARKS) QUESTION 12 [1 0] Explain why the osmotic concentration of the glomerular filtrate changes as it passes through different parts of a renal tubule. Mention the role of different hormones. END OF QUESTION PAPER. GOOD LUCK! 6

n A m I 8 I A U n I V ER SI TV"Y OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY3Y

n A m I 8 I A U n I V ER SI TV"Y OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY3Y FACULTY OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES QUALIFICATION CODE: SOBBMS