TRANSPORTATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

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1 TRANSPORTATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS Circulatory system: organ system for the circulation of materials inside the body Materials transported in the body: Water, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nutrients, Hormones Main organs of Circulatory system : Heart, Blood Vessels Blood: Blood is the fluid which flows in blood vessels. It transports substances inside the body. Functions of Blood: 1. Blood transports substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of the body. 2. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. 3. Blood also transports waste for removal from the body Components of blood: Blood plasma, Blood Cells Blood Plasma : The fluid part of blood is called Blood Plasma. Blood Cells are suspended in it. Major part of blood plasma is water. Blood Cells RBC RED BLOOD CELLS ERYTHROCYTES 1.Have haemoglobin 2. Haemoglobin gives red colour to blood 3. Haemoglobin carries oxygen WBC White Blood Cells LEUCOCYTES 1. Fight against germs 2. Called the Soldiers of the Body Platelets THROMBOCYTES Help in Blood Clotting Blood Vessels : 3 types Arteries, Veins, Capillaries Comparison of ARTEIES & VEINS ARTERIES Arteries carry oxygenated blood Carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body Thick walled Blood flows with high pressure Present deep below the skin VEINS Veins carry deoxygenated blood Carry blood from all parts of the body to heart Thin walled Blood flows with less pressure Present near the skin Human heart Location: Central, between the two lungs in the chest cavity towards left. Size: Roughly the size our fist.

2 Function: Pumping organ of blood, made of muscles called cardiac muscle. Study of heart Cardiology, One who treats for heart diseases Cardiologist Chambers of Heart: 4 Chambers RIGHT ATRIUM ( RA DEOXYGENATED BLOOD) LEFT ATRIUM (LA OXYGENATED BLOOD) RIGHT VENTRICLE ( RV DEOXYGENATED BLOOD LEFT VENTRICLE (LV OXYGENATED BLOOD) Upper Chambers are called ATRIA ( ATRIUM Singular) Lower chambers are called Ventricles No connection between the right and left side of heart ( to prevent the mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. Right atrium is connected to right ventricle through valve. Left atrium is connected to left ventricle through valve Blood Vessels Joining Heart: Vena Cava: Joins Right Atrium: Brings DOB from all parts of the body Pulmonary veins Join left atrium: Carry OB from lungs to heart Blood Vessels starting from Heart: Aorta: starting from left ventricle: carry OB to all parts of the body Pulmonary arteries: starting from left ventricle,: Carry DOB to lungs DIAGRAM TO SHOW CIRCULATION OF BLOOD/ DOUBLE CIRCULATION Heart beat: The walls of the chambers of the heart are made up of muscles. These muscles contract and relax rhythmically. This rhythmic contraction followed by its relaxation constitute a heartbeat The doctor checks heartbeats with the help of an instrument called a stethoscope. Normal heart beat is 72 times per minute. Pulse rate & Heart Beat: Each heart beat generates one pulse in the arteries and the pulse rate per minute indicates the rate of heartbeat.

William Harvey discovered The Circulation of blood in Humans Sponge : is an animal, multicellular, living in water Hydra :- is an animal, multicellular living in water Circulation in Sponge & Hydra:

3 William Harvey discovered The Circulation of blood in Humans Sponge : is an animal, multicellular, living in water Hydra :- is an animal, multicellular living in water Circulation in Sponge & Hydra: Animals such as sponges and Hydra do not posses any circulatory system. The water in which they live brings food and oxygen as it enters their bodies. The water carries away waste materials and carbon dioxide as it moves out. Thus, these animals do not need a circulatory fluid like the blood EXCRETION Excretion & its importance: When our cells perform their functions, certain waste products are released. These are toxic and hence need to be removed from the body. The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is called excretion. Excretory System : Organ System for Excretion Human Excretory System Main Parts: KIDNEYS (2) URETERS (2) URINARY BLADDER (1) URINARY OPENING (1) KIDNEY : Kindenys mare 2 in number, Made up of small filters called nephron Beans shape Average amount of urine formed in an adult human : 1 to 1.8 L per day Composition of Urine: Water-95 % Urea- 2.5% Salt % White patches are seen in clothes during summer. Reason: because of the salt present in sweat. Importance of Sweating: Helps to cool the body

4 Excretory Products in Animals Fishes/ Aquatic animals Ammonia dissolved in water Birds, Lizards, Snakes Semi solid waste White part in the excreta Uric acid Human Brings Urea Dialysis: Sometimes a person s kidneys may stop working due to infection or injury. As a result of kidney failure, waste products start accumulating in the blood. Such persons cannot survive unless their blood is filtered periodically through an artificial kidney. This process is called dialysis TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS Materials transported in plants: Water, Minerals, Oxygen, Food Vascular Tissue : Xylem and phloem together in plants is called Vascular Tissue. Xylem : The vascular tissue that conducts water in plants is called Xylem. Phloem: The vascular tissue that conducts food in plants is called Xylem. Section of root : Main Parts Root hair Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Xylem Phloem Path of water transportation in plants: Water enters the root hair Water enters the epidermal cells Water enters the cortex water enters the endodermis water enters the xylem from the xylem water goes up. Osmosis: Movement of water from higher concentration to lower concentration through a membrane is called Osmosis. Activity to demonstrate Osmosis Method Observation Result Take a large potato and peel off its outer skin. Cut one of its ends to make the base flat. Now make a deep and hollow cavity on the opposite side. Fill half of the cavity with sugar solution and mark the level by inserting a pin in the wall of the potato Put the potato We find an increase in the level of sugar solution. Water move from the higher concentration to the lower concentration though the cell of the potato This is called Osmosis

5 into a dish containing a small amount of water. Make sure that the level of water is below the level of the pin. Allow the apparatus to stand for a few hours. Transpiration: Loss of excess water in the form of vapour through stomata in leaves is called transpiration. Uses of Transpiration : helps in the absorption of water Cools the plant Transpiration Pull ( Suction Pull) : The water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves by the process of transpiration. The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull which can pull water to great heights in the tall trees.

Transportation and Excretion 7 th Biology

Page1 Transportation and Excretion 7 th Biology William Harvey was an English physician was the first to give the details of blood circulation, the properties of blood and the pumping of blood by the heart.