Study Guide for Exam 5

Transcription

1 Study Guide for Exam 5 Chapter Compare external, internal and cellular respiration 2. List and describe the factors on diffusion in the lungs. Note the most important factor. 3. List and explain factors influencing movement of gases. 4. Compare the solubility of O 2 and CO Give the PO 2 and PCO 2 at the alveoli and tissues under resting conditions. 6. Give the normal ph range in arterial and venous blood. Why different? 7. Describe 4 types of hypoxia. 8. List causes of low PO 2 in the alveoli. 9. List conditions that reduce alveolar gas exchange. 10. Describe the components of the respiratory membrane. 11. Explain in what forms O 2 is carried in the blood, and in what relative percentage. 12. Describe the makeup of a Hemoglobin molecule, note protein and non-protein components. 13. Compare adult, fetal and sickle cell hemoglobin molecules. 14. Be able to describe the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve. 15. Use the curve to determine hemoglobin saturation at a given PO List factors that shift the curve, note which way each factor shifts, right or left and how the helps homeostasis. 17. Describe how CO 2 is transported through the blood. Note forms of CO 2, and relative concentrations of each. 18. Explain what happens when CO 2 is added to water. 19. Define carbminohemogloin. 20. Explain chloride shift, where and when it occurs. 21. Explain what influences control of ventilation rate. 22. Explain the role of medullary chemoreceptors, carotid and aortic bodies. 23. Briefly explain the functions of the pneumotaxic, apneustic and rhythmicity centers for regulation of ventilation. 24. Explain reflexes that effect ventilation. 25. What is the function of hiccoughs or hiccups. 26. Does breathing into a paper bag help hyperventilation? Why or why not? 27. Compare respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Note causes and how compensated, see IP for a summary. Chapter 19

2 1. List and describe the major functions of the kidney. 2. Define: Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion Micturition Incontinence 3. Identify the major components of the urinary system. 4. Define polycystic kidney. 5. Identify the regions of a kidney, cortex, medulla and pelvis. 6. Identify the components of a nephron: Glomerulus PCT Loop of nephron Bowman s capsule DCT CD Vasa recta 7. List where filtration, reabsorption and secretion occur, note what types of materials are moving in each of these processes, and if active or passive. 8. Compare filtrate and urine volumes, give numbers. 9. Give components of the renal corpuscle, and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. 10. Give the forces that influence filtration. 11. Describe what autoregulation of filtration rate refers to. 12. Explain how GFR regulation may occur. 13. Explain how the counter current multiplier works. 14. Explain how the following move through the nephron: Na + Glucose Urea K + Water 13. Describe what T m is and what it is for glucose. Note what happens if plasma glucose is below or above the T m. 14. What type of substances are secreted by the peritubular capillaries into the DCT. 15. Define renal clearance. Give the significance of inulin clearance. Compare with urea, glucose and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH). 16. See table 19-2, be able to determine if a molecule is secreted or reabsorbed or not. 17. Explain how the Micturition reflex occurs. Chapter What is in sweat? 2. Which ions are most important in electrolyte homeostasis? 3. Explain water balance, note water input sources and amounts and water loss paths and approximate amounts. 4. Draw a nephron showing approximate osmolarity throughout. 5. Show where water and ions are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle. 6. Show where and how hormones ADH and aldosterone influence the nephron.

3 7. Explain the stimulus and receptors that lead to ADH release. 8. Explain what a countercurrent exchange system is. 9. What is the role of the vasa recta in the countercurrent multiplier exchange system? 10. What happens to urea in the nephron? 11. Explain how angiotensin II is formed and list several effects it has on BP and blood volume. 12. What is an ACE inhibitor and what does it do as a drug? 13. What is a Natriuretic peptide? 14. Name the hormone important in K regulation 15. What is high and low K+ called and what effects may occur for each case. 16. Why is a Kangaroo rat interesting in renal physiology? 17. Be familiar with causes of volume and osmolarity disturbances. 18. Give some mechanisms for severe dehydration compensation (not the whole flow chart just a few paths) 19. Give normal ph plasma range. 20. What is low and high plasma ph termed. 21. Explain where acid enters the body and exits. 22. Give three general mechanisms for ph homeostasis. 23. Compare PCT and CD mechanisms for ph homeostasis, be general, no transporter names necessary. 24. Compare Type A and B intercalated cells of the CD. 25. Compare causes and how compensated for respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Chapter Define and list functions, processes (activities) of the digestive system. 2. Describe the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases. 3. Describe the layers of the GI tract, noting the composition of each. 4. Describe how the layers differ in structure for different functions. 5. Give the sublayers of the layers (tunics) of the GI tract. 6. Describe where from and approximate amounts of volume entering the GI tract. 7. Trace through the GI tract. 8. Define bolus and chyme, note where located and composition. 9. Describe rugae, plicae, villi and microvilli, note what functions they provide. 10. Compare crypt and gastric pit. 11. Compare tonic and phasic contractions of the GI tract. 12. Compare deglutition, peristalsis and segmentation. 13. Compare acini and islets functions. 14. Give functions for saliva 15. Give functions for bile, note composition.

4 16. Give secretions and their functions of parietal, chief and neck cells of the stomach. 17. Give the stimulus for release, source, and action for the GI peptides, GIP, motilin, CCK, secretin and gastrin. 18. Give mechanisms to reduce acid in the duodenum. 19. Describe the ENS. 20. Name several pancreatic digestive enzymes. 21. Compare absorption of CHO, proteins and lipids. 22. Define micelles. 23. Discuss what vitamin B 12 and intrinsic factor do. 24. Give a summary of motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption in different regions of the digestive system. 25. Give example of chemical and mechanical digestion. 26. Give the function of brush border enzymes and enteropeptidase (enterokinase). 27. Define zymogen, give a few examples. 28. Define and give likely functions of GALT. 29. Explain how vomiting can be good. Chapter Define appetite, polyphagia and satiety. 2. Name the two key eating control centers of the hypothalamus. 3. Compare glucostatic and lipostatic theories. 4. What is leptin? 5. Name the 3 categories of work done by our cells. 6. Compare calorie content of different foods, CHO vs Protein vs Fats. 7. Recognize factors affecting metabolic rate. 8. List and compare the two chemical forms of energy storage. 9. Define anabolic, catabolic. 10. Distinguish between absorptive and post-absorptive metabolism. 11. Define: Glycogenesis / glycogenolysis / lipogenesis / lipolysis / ketosis. 12. Explain why Foie gras is sweet or rich tasting. 13. Define push-pull control. 14. Define chylomicron and ketone body. 15. Distinguish between LDL an HDL. 16. Compare the affects of glucagon and insulin. 17. Explain daily cycles of insulin and glucagon secretion. 18. Distinguish between type 1 and type 2 Diabetes mellitus. 19. List symptoms and problems associated with diabetes. 20. Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. 21. What is a HMG coa reductase inhibitor, give specific example. 22. List mechanisms to keep body temperature within homeostasis. 23. Compare heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

5 24. Define hypothermia and cold water diving reflex. 25. Describe the effects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, not only body weight, but other issues from running problem in text as well. 26. Describe what a ketogenic diet involves, and possible benefits and risks. 27.