Contents. Chapter 1 Common Pitfalls in the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography for Macular Diseases Lihteh Wu and Teodoro Evans

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1 Contents Chapter 1 Common Pitfalls in the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography for Macular Diseases Lihteh Wu and Teodoro Evans 1.1 Introduction Limitations of Time-Domain OCT Acquisition Errors in the Stratus OCT Interpretation Errors with the Stratus OCT Advantages and Limitations of Spectral-Domain OCT Conclusion References... 9 Chapter 2 Simultaneous SD-OCT and Confocal SLO-Imaging Peter Charbel Issa, Monika Fleckenstein, Hans-Martin Helb, Hendrik P. N. Scholl, Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, and Frank G. Holz 2.1 Background Principle of the Combined Imaging Technology Clinical Application Conclusions References Chapter 3 Fluorescein Angiography Howard F. Fine, Jonathan L. Prenner, and Daniel Roth 3.1 Principles of Fluorescein Angiography Procedures for Fluorescein Angiography Relevant Anatomy in Fluorescein Angiography Time Course of Fluorescein Angiography Interpretation of Fluorescein Angiography Hypofluorescent Lesions Hyperfluorescent Lesions Fluorescein Angiography Today References Chapter 4 Wide-Field Imaging and Angiography Thomas Friberg and Leanne Labriola 4.1 Introduction History of Fundus Imaging Wide-Field Images with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Fluorescein Angiography with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Advantages of Imaging with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Disadvantages of Imaging with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Clinical Use of Wide-Field Imaging Wide-Field Imaging in Uveitis Wide-Field Imaging in Proliferative Retinopathies Wide-Field Imaging of Peripheral Retinal Lesions Wide-Field Imaging of Choroidal Tumors Future Directions for Fundus Imaging Conclusion References Chapter 5 Autofluorescence Imaging Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Monika Fleckenstein, Richard Spaide, and Frank G. Holz 5.1 Introduction What is Fundus Autofluorescence? Identification of Early Disease Stages Phenotyping Disease Markers ix

2 x Contents 5.6 Monitoring of Disease Progression Disease Mapping Functional Correlation Future Applications for Therapeutic Interventions References Chapter 6 Imaging the Macular Pigment Tos T. J. M. Berendschot 6.1 Macular Pigment Characteristics and Potential Functions Macular Pigment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Spatial Distribution Modifying the Macular Pigment MPOD and Age Measurement Techniques Heterochromatic Flickerphotometry Fundus reflectance Autofluorescence Raman spectroscopy How do different techniques compare Imaging Heterochromatic Flickerphotometry Fundus Reflectance Autofluorescence Raman spectroscopy References Chapter 7 Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging Claudia N. Keilhauer and François C. Delori 7.1 Introduction Origin of Near-Infrared Autofluorescence RPE Melanin: Role and Aging Clinical Cases Age-Related Macular Degeneration Retinal Dystrophies Stargardt s Disease Best s Disease Retinitis Pigmentosa Conclusion References Chapter 8 Near-Infrared Subretinal Imaging in Choroidal Neovascularization Thomas Theelen, Carel B. Hoyng, and B. Jeroen Klevering 8.1 Introduction Histological Characteristics of Choroidal Neovascularization Current Imaging Modalities for Choroidal Neovascularization The Basic Principles of Near-Infrared Reflectance Imaging of the Retina Near-Infrared Reflectance Image Acquisition Near-Infrared Imaging of the Normal Retina Clinical Practice of Near-Infrared Subretinal Imaging Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Classic Choroidal Neovascularization Occult Choroidal Neovascularization Vascularized Detachment of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Mixed-Type Choroidal Neovascularization Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Fibrovascular Scar Choroidal Neovascularization Not Associated with AMD Evaluating Therapeutic Effects with Near-Infrared Reflectance Imaging Conclusions References Chapter 9 RetCam Imaging of Pediatric Intraocular Tumors Carol L. Shields, Aparna Ramasubramanian, Sarah Harmon, and Sara Lally 9.1 Fundus Cameras Standard Images Wide-Angle Images Pomerantzeff Equator Plus RetCam Panoret... 98

3 Contents xi Optos RetCam Imaging for Specific Pediatric Intraocular Tumors Retinal Tumors Retinoblastoma Astrocytic Hamartoma Retinal Capillary Hemangioma (hemangioblastoma) Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma Retinal Racemose Hemangioma Vasoproliferative Tumor Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tumors Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Combined Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Choroidal Tumors Choroidal Nevus Choroidal Melanoma Anterior Segment Lesions Iris Lesions References Chapter 10 Metabolic Mapping Dietrich Schweitzer 10.1 Aspects of Metabolism Limiting Conditions for Discrimination of Fluorophores at the Ocular Fundus Excitation and Emission Spectra as well as Fluorescence Lifetimes of Expected Endogenous Fluorophores and Ocular Tissue Fluorescence Lifetime Mapping Ophthalmoscopy Technical Solution Calculation of Parameters of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Clinical Results Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Detection of Alterations in Early AMD Lifetime Images in Late AMD Metabolic Changes in Retinal Vessel Occlusion Arterial Branch Occlusion Images of Lifetime Amplitudes in Central Arterial Occlusion Metabolic Alteration in Diabetes mellitus Detection of Fields of Reduced Metabolism Lifetime Images in Diabetes After Laser Coagulation References Chapter 11 Assessing Diabetic Macular Edema with Optical Coherence Tomography Sebastian Wolf 11.1 Diabetic Macular Edema Examinations in Diabetic Macular Edema Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in Diabetic Macular Edema Prognostic Features in High-Resolution OCT Scans References Chapter 12 OCT vs. Photography or Biomicroscopy for Diagnosis of Diabetic Macular Edema Gianni Virgili, Francesca Menchini, and Mariacristina Parravano 12.1 Introduction: Diabetic Macular Edema, Fundus Photography, and Optical Coherence Tomography Incidence and Natural History Classification: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Grading Optical Coherence Tomography and Diabetic Macular Edema Investigation of Diagnostic Accuracy of OCT for Detection of DME

4 xii Contents Potential Aims of OCT Testing in Clinical Practice: Diagnostic Accuracy vs. Others Diagnostic Accuracy of OCT for Detection of DME: Are Photography or Biomicroscopy a Valid Gold Standard? Diagnostic Accuracy of OCT to Detect CSME Using Time-Domain OCTs: How to Use OCT Retinal Thickness Cut-Offs? Do We Expect Any Differences in Retinal Thickness Thresholds Adopted to Define CSME Using Spectral-Domain Compared with Time-Domain OCTs? Use of OCT When Compared with Photography: Beyond Diagnostic Accuracy Establishing a Baseline Measure to Monitor Response in People who Are Treated for CSME Rather than Simply Assessing its Presence or Absence Potential Validity of OCT for Monitoring Treatment Response Candidate Predictors of Visual Outcome Using OCT in Patients with DME Appendix: Reproducibility of OCT Retinal-Thickness Measurement in Patients with DME How Reproducibility is Reported Stratus OCT Reproducibility in Patients with DME Spectral-Domain OCTs Reproducibility References Chapter 13 Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Macular Holes Jerzy Nawrocki and Zofia Michalewska 13.1 Stages of Full Thickness Macular Hole in Spectral OCT (SOCT) Clinical Features Examination Natural History Ultra-High Resolution OCT and Spectral OCT Findings in Macular Holes Macular Hole Formation Postoperative Appearance A Possible Theory of Macular Hole Closure After Vitrectomy Surgical Considerations Lamellar Macular Hole and Macular Pseudohole Clinical Features Examination of Lamellar Macular Holes and Pseudoholes Treatment References Chapter 14 Combined Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography/Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Imaging of Vitreous and the Vitreo-Retinal Interface Jerry Sebag and Michelle Y. Wang 14.1 Introduction Vitreous Biochemistry Vitreo-Retinal Interface Anatomy Age-Related Changes Anomalous Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD) Spectral-Domain OCT (SD-OCT) Sd-oct/Slo Vitreo-Maculopathies Macular Pucker (MP) Macular Hole (MH) Lamellar Hole (LH) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Vitreo-Macular Traction Syndrome (VMTS) Conclusion References Chapter 15 Choroidal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography Richard Spaide 15.1 Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography Mechanism of Enhanced Depth Imaging Imaging the Choroid Age-Related Choroidal Atrophy Choroid in High Myopia

5 Contents xiii 15.6 Pigment Epithelial Detachment in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Additional Diseases such as Choroidal Tumors and Glaucoma Volume Rendering Summary References Chapter 16 Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Sandeep Saxena, Carsten H. Meyer, Hans-Martin Helb, and Frank G. Holz 16.1 Introduction Optical Coherence Tomography Role of Optical Coherence Tomography Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography References Chapter 17 New Developments in Optical Coherence Tomography Technology Wolfgang Drexler, Rainer Leitgeb, and Christoph K. Hitzenberger 17.1 Background and Motivation Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Choroid In Vivo Cellular Resolution Retinal Imaging Polarization Sensitive Retinal OCT Doppler (Blood Flow) Retinal OCT References Chapter 18 Toward Molecular Imaging Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, M. Francesca Cordeiro, Fred W. Fitzke, and Frank G. Holz References Index

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