New Zealand Blackcurrant: A New Ergogenic Aid in Sport?

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Richard Aron Haynes
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1 New Zealand Blackcurrant: A New Ergogenic Aid in Sport? Mark Willems Professor in Exercise Physiology United Kingdom Blackcurrant The Stress Hero Sponsored by Vilnius - June 10-12, 2015

2 Take home prediction Specific anthocyanin-rich products (e.g. blackcurrant) will emerge as new sports nutrition supplements

3 New Zealand Blackcurrant: A New Ergogenic Aid in Sport? Any application that improves physical performance, enhances responsiveness to training, or accelerate recovery exercise recovery

4 functional foods exercise recovery

5 chokeberry * Pilaczynska-Szczesniak et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 14, 48-58, 2005

6 Exercise ROS > AOD : oxidative stress blood vessel AOD NO mitochondria ROS NO nitric oxide AOD antioxidative defenses ROS reactive oxygen species Skeletal Muscle

7 TBARS is a measure of lipid peroxidation (a footprint of oxidative stress) before chokeberry after 3x50 ml/day for 4 weeks 5x3 min at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90% of maximal power (ET) TBARS - thiobarbituric acid reactive substances Pilaczynska-Szczesniak et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 14, 48-58, 2005

8 TBARS is a measure of lipid peroxidation (a footprint of oxidative stress) before chokeberry after 3x50 ml/day for 4 weeks * 5x3 min at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90% of maximal power (ET) Pilaczynska-Szczesniak et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 14, 48-58, 2005

9 TBARS is a measure of lipid peroxidation (a footprint of oxidative stress) before chokeberry after 3x50 ml/day for 4 weeks 3x ~17 mg anthocyanins/day for 4 weeks * Pilaczynska-Szczesniak et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 14, 48-58, 2005

10 Outline Why the interest in anthocyanins? Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies exercise lactate curve lactate at maximum oxygen uptake fat oxidation (data under review) 16.1 km cycling time trial running - repeated sprints Some future directions still quite a journey!

11 Outline Why the interest in anthocyanins?

12 blackcurrant billberry cowberry delphinidin-3-glucoside delphinidin-3-rutinoside cyanidin-3-glucoside cyanidin-3-rutinoside Kähkönen et al. J Sci Food Agric. 83, , 2003

13 # hits # hits: 6748 HEALTH BENEFITS Year access 26/05/2015

14 blueberry 12 weeks ad libitum access to juice mulberry HEALTH BENEFITS high fat diet blueberry juice high fat diet mulberry juice high fat diet water Wu et al. PLOS ONE 8(10), e77585, 2013

15 # hits # hits: Year access 26/05/2015

16 Lyall et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 297(1):R70-81, 2009 Bowtell et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(8): , 2011 Connolly et al., Br J Sports Med. 40(8): , 2006 McLeay et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 9(1):19, 2012 Howatson et al., Scand J Med Sci Sports 20(6): , 2010 Hutchison et al., J Diet Suppl. (in press)

17 Lyall et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 297(1):R70-81, 2009 All post- Bowtell et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(8): , 2011 exercise Connolly et al., Br J Sports Med. 40(8): , 2006 effects McLeay et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 9(1):19, 2012 Howatson et al., Scand J Med Sci Sports 20(6): , 2010 Hutchison et al., J Diet Suppl. (in press)

18 Lyall et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 297(1):R70-81, 2009 What about Bowtell et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(8): , 2011 effects during Connolly et al., Br J Sports Med. 40(8): , 2006 exercise? McLeay et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 9(1):19, 2012 Howatson et al., Scand J Med Sci Sports 20(6): , 2010 Hutchison et al., J Diet Suppl. (in press)

19 BCA concentrate 17 mg (kg BW) -1 blackcurrant-induced increase in blood flow by 22% (2 hr) Matsumoto et al., Eur J Appl Physiol. 94(1-2):36-45, 2005

20 Outline Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies exercise lactate curve lactate at maximum oxygen uptake

21 Exercise and Lactate glycogen lactate blood vessel Lactate is associated with muscle fatigue Skeletal Muscle

22 the lactate curve Lactate (mmol L -1 ) placebo Intensity (% P max ) n = 13 (triathletes) ~110 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days Lactate is associated with muscle fatigue Willems et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

23 the lactate curve Lactate (mmol L -1 ) placebo * * * NZ BC Intensity (% P max ) * n = 13 (triathletes) ~110 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days New Zealand blackcurrant resulted in a complete shift of the lactate curve Willems et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

24 lactate at maximum oxygen uptake. 11 Lactate at VO 2max (mmol L -1 ) Placebo NZ BC n = 13 (triathletes) ~110 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days Willems et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

lactate at maximum oxygen uptake 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3. Lactate at VO 2max (mmol L -1 ) P = 0.

25 lactate at maximum oxygen uptake Lactate at VO 2max (mmol L -1 ) P = % * Placebo NZ BC n = 13 (triathletes) ~110 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days Willems et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

26 Outline Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies exercise fat oxidation (data under review)

27 Outline Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies exercise 16.1 km cycling time trial Highly aerobic exercise

28 Outline Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies performance double-blind randomized cross-over design

29 16.1 km cycling time-trial performance km time (s) Placebo NZ BC n = 14 (cyclists) ~105 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days Cook et al. (ISENC 2014)

30 16.1 km cycling time-trial performance km time (s) P= % * Placebo NZ BC n = 14 (cyclists) 11 did go faster Lansley et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc 43, , % Cook et al. (ISENC 2014)

31 Outline Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies exercise 16.1 km cycling time trial Highly aerobic exercise

32 Outline Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies exercise running - repeated sprints Highly anaerobic exercise

33 running repeated sprints

34 running repeated sprints 19 s sprint (15 s active recovery) 1 min rest 5 min at 60% 5% increases 2.5% increases Perkins et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

35 running repeated sprints 3200 Sprint distance (m) n = 13 (active males) Placebo NZ BC ~105 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days Perkins et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

running repeated sprints 3200 2800 Sprint distance (m) 11% P=0.

36 running repeated sprints Sprint distance (m) 11% P=0.02 * Placebo NZ BC n = 13 (active males) 9 improved ~105 mg anthocyanins/day for 7 days Perkins et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press)

Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies Endurance and team sport athletes may consider intake of New Zealand blackcurrant to beneficially enhance training practice,

37 Effects of New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin intake in exercise studies Endurance and team sport athletes may consider intake of New Zealand blackcurrant to beneficially enhance training practice, performance and recovery Braakhuis et al. Effects of dietary antioxidants on training and performance in female runners. Eur J Sport Sci. 14(2):160-8, blackcurrant may improve performance in the elite.

38 All very exciting, but what is causing these effects!

39 ? compounds

40 500 mg labelled cyanidin-3- glucoside Concentration of identified metabolites in whole serum Czank et al., Am J Clin Nutr 97: , 2013

41 Take home prediction Specific anthocyanin-rich products (e.g. blackcurrant) will emerge as new sports nutrition supplements

16.1 km cycling time-trial performance 1800 1700 16.1 km time (s) P=0.03 2.

42 16.1 km cycling time-trial performance km time (s) P= % * Placebo NZ BC Lansley et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc 43, , % Cook et al. (ISENC 2014

43 the lactate curve sodium nitrate 0.1 mmol kg-1 day-1 Willems et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (in press) Larsen et al. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 191(1):59-66, 2007 No effect on lactate

44 Beetroot became a popular sports nutrition supplement capsules drinks bars gels powder beetroot juice

45 Blackcurrant, the new sports nutrition supplement! The same may drinks capsules happen for blackcurrant bars powder Not only for flavour!

46 $ US Billion supplements ? drinks (26/05/2015) (functional) foods

training adaptation Effectiveness in elite athletes (and co-ingestion)

47 Some future directions still quite a journey! Optimal dosing strategy Effectiveness in various exercise models Chronic use and training adaptation Effectiveness in elite athletes (and co-ingestion) Interaction of blackcurrant with other food components Effectiveness on performance in older adults and clinical populations

48 Acknowledgements Dr Stephen Myers Ian Perkins Dr Sam Blacker Matthew Cook Dr Mandy Gault Gibb Holdings Ltd, NZ HealthCurrancy Ltd, UK

49 Thank you for listening Mark Willems we welcome collaborations

Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Enhances Maximal Oxygen Consumption of well-trained Male Athletes

Original article: Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Enhances Maximal Oxygen Consumption of well-trained Male Athletes Dr. DileepTirkey* Assistant Professor, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education,