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1 Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors? 1) A) change in muscle length cold touch pain warmth Answer: D 2) Which of the following best describes ON-center, OFF-surround cells in the retina? 2) A) They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. They are photoreceptors that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. They are photoreceptors that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina. They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. They are ganglion cells that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina. Answer: D 3) Which of the following synapses with second-order neurons in glomeruli? 3) A) vision olfaction taste touch both olfaction and taste 1

2 4) Which of the following cells is the precursor cell for the olfactory cells? 4) A) basal cells olfactory receptor cells mitral cells ciliary cells support cells 5) An increase in pressure within the eye due to expansion of the aqueous humor that can eventually compromise blood flow to the eye is called A) angiogenesis. retinitis pigmentosa. macular degeneration. diabetic microvascular insufficiency. glaucoma. 5) 6) Light striking what region of the retina is not detected by photoreceptors? 6) A) optic disk pupil zonular fibers ciliary muscles cornea 2

3 Figure ) In Figure 10.1, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5? 7) A) zonular fibers, suspensory ligament, fovea, retina, sclera suspensory ligament, aqueous humor, macula, lutea, cornea radial muscle, pupil, macula, choroid, sclera ciliary muscles, cornea, optic disc, choroid, sclera ciliary body, iris, fovea, retina, sclera 8) Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the and contain. 8) A) outer segment : photopigment synaptic terminal : transmitter inner segment : transmitter outer segment : transmitter inner segment : photopigment 3

4 9) receptors are better able to provide information on whether a stimulus has changed, whereas receptors are better adapted to provide information on the extent of that change. A) Tonic : phasic Slowly adapting : tonic Phasic : tonic Tonic : clonic Rapidly adapting : phasic 9) 10) Which of the following is a neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first- and second-order neurons? A) acetylcholine norepinephrine bradykinin substance P histamine Answer: D 11) The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of, which is degraded by. A) camp : transducin camp : phosphodiesterase cgmp : transducin cgmp : phosphodiesterase camp : ATP synthase Answer: D 10) 11) 4

5 12) In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the portion of the retina remain on the same side. A) nasal : center nasal : temporal temporal : center temporal : nasal center : nasal Answer: B 13) What is the form of energy associated with a particular stimulus type called? 13) A) modality transduction appropriation perception adequate stimulus 14) What is the enlarged area at the base of the semicircular canals, which contains hair cells, called? 14) A) cochlea organ of Corti basilar membrane utricle ampulla 15) Which sensation has a receptor type that is a chemoreceptor? 15) A) vision olfaction taste touch both olfaction and taste 5 12)

6 16) The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium moves the cell, causing it to. A) out of : depolarize out of : hyperpolarize into : hyperpolarize equally into and out of : maintain its polarized state into : depolarize 16) 17) Which of the following structures sits on the basilar membrane and contains the hair cells for sound? A) tympanic membrane helicotrema tectorial membrane organ of Corti basilar membrane Answer: D 17) 18) Angiogenesis contributes to the cause of what visual defect in diabetes? 18) A) myopia cataracts hyperopia macular degeneration glaucoma Answer: D 6

7 19) Which receptor type is used to detect free hydrogen ion content of blood? 19) A) chemoreceptors baroreceptors osmoreceptors photoreceptors mechanical nociceptors 20) The organ of Corti is located on what membrane? 20) A) tympanic membrane plasma membrane of hair cells basilar membrane vestibular membrane tectorial membrane 21) The primary afferent neurons from taste receptor cells terminate within what structure of the central nervous system? A) gustatory cortex medulla oblongata cerebellum olfactory tubercle thalamus Answer: B 21) 22) What transmits sound energy from the outer ear to the middle ear? 22) A) tympanic membrane cochlea basilar membrane ampulla external auditory meatus 7

8 23) Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system? 23) A) sympathetic parasympathetic somatic enteric central Answer: B 24) The amplitude of a sound wave is determined by the difference in the 24) A) pitch of the sound. number of sound waves per second. air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave. energy embedded in the air molecules. size of the air molecules in the compressed region of the sound wave. 25) A refers to a single afferent neuron and all of the sensory receptors associated with that neuron. A) motor unit sensory unit receptive unit second-order neuron neuronal field Answer: B 25) 26) What type of neuron in the thalamus communicates sensory information to the cerebral cortex? 26) A) first-order second-order third-order forth-order afferent 8

9 27) Where is retinal found? 27) A) ganglionic cells rods cones bipolar cells both rods and cones 28) Which receptor type is used to detect linear acceleration forward or backward? 28) A) baroreceptors hair cells in utricle hair cells in cochlea hair cells in semicircular canals osmoreceptors Answer: B 29) The gate-control theory of pain modulation states that 29) A) painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain. non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain. pain sensation must be modified within the sensory receptors. C fibers themselves can act to modify their own pain signal. the signal that modifies pain sensation in the spinal cord must originate from the nucleus raphe magnus. Answer: B 9

10 30) First-order olfactory neurons synapse with. These synapses occur in clusters called. A) olfactory neurons : glomeruli mitral cells : cribriform areas mitral cells : glomeruli olfactory neurons : cribriform areas bicuspid cells : glomeruli 31) What is the location of the gustatory cortex? 31) A) frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe brainstem occipital lobe 32) What is the location of the medial geniculate body? 32) A) parietal lobe brainstem thalamus frontal lobe occipital lobe 33) What structure detects rotational acceleration of the head? 33) A) cochlea semicircular canals basilar membrane organ of Corti helicotrema Answer: B 10 30)

11 34) Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE? 34) A) Cold signals are transmitted along this pathway. Pain signals are transmitted along this pathway. The first-order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Warm signals are transmitted along this pathway. The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem. 35) The posterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction? 35) A) linear acceleration in the up and down directions linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions moving the head up and down as in saying "yes" rotating the head as in saying "no" rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder 36) According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor 36) A) type detects all the somesthetic sensations. type detects all the somatic sensations. responds to only one type of stimulus, regardless of the strength of stimulation. responds best to a specific energy modality. responds equally to several types of stimuli. Answer: D 37) In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process? A) telescoping refractometry acclimatization accommodation acclimation Answer: D 37) 11

12 38) What is the hole through which light can enter the eye called? 38) A) fovea iris pupil lens cornea 39) The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called 39) A) kinesthesiology. nociology. positionology. nociception. proprioception. 40) What are the three ossicles in the middle ear? 40) A) malleus, incus, stapes saccule, utricle, cochlea tympanic, tectorial, basilar malleus, talus, stapes tympani, vestibule, media 41) Which receptor type is used for sound waves? 41) A) hair cells in semicircular canals mechanical nociceptors hair cells in cochlea warm receptors hair cells in utricle 12

13 42) In terms of a bad smell, why is it better to stay in its presence than to leave and return several times? A) The decrease in graded potentials increases the frequency of their action potentials. Olfactory receptors are tonic. With time, labeled lines change their modality. Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting. Slowly adapting receptors take longer to come online. Answer: D 42) 43) The light-absorbing portion of the photopigment is ; its sensitivity to a particular wavelength of light is altered by. A) transducin : phosphodiesterase opsin : transducin opsin : retinal phosphodiesterase : transducin retinal : opsin 44) Located within the of the semicircular canal, a gelatinous structure called the surrounds the stereocilia and kinocilium. A) cupula : ampulla ampulla : cupula cupula : otolith lumen : otolith ampulla : otolith Answer: B 43) 44) 13

14 45) Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when the 45) A) head is tilted to the left. hair cell bends toward the kinocilium. head is tilted to the right. head is tilted forward. hair cell bends away from the kinocilium. Answer: B 46) Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes? 46) A) cardiomyopathy microvascular injury retinopathy hypertension renal failure Answer: B 47) The detection of odorants occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane, activating that ultimately causes the. A) Golf : potassium channel to open transducin : potassium channel to open gustducin : sodium channel to close gustducin : potassium channel to close Golf : cation channel to open 47) 14

15 48) In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the following? A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens pupillary constriction and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens pupillary dilation and an increase in the refractive power of the lens pupillary dilation and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens pupillary dilation and no effect on the refractive power of the lens 49) Which receptor type is used to detect swelling of receptor cells? 49) A) mechanical nociceptors chemoreceptors hair cells in semicircular canals osmoreceptors baroreceptors Answer: D 50) Which of the following is NOT a function of TRP channels? 50) A) warm transduction cold transduction respond to painfully hot stimuli respond to painfully hot chemicals respond to painful mechanical stimulation 51) The refractive power of what structure can be altered to focus light? 51) A) zonular fibers ciliary muscles pupil cornea lens 15 48)

16 52) The saccule detects what type of motion? 52) A) linear acceleration up or down linear acceleration forward and backward angular acceleration, as when tilting the head so that the ear approaches the shoulder angular acceleration, as when nodding the head "yes" angular acceleration, as when shaking the head "no" 53) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes? 53) A) salty sour sweet bitter hot 54) Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye? 54) A) cornea only lens only cornea and lens only choroid only cornea, lens, and choroid 55) What is the location of the vestibular nuclei? 55) A) temporal lobe brainstem spinal cord thalamus parietal lobe Answer: B 16

17 56) What category of structures includes the rods and cones? 56) A) retina fovea retinal pigmented epithelium photoreceptors cornea Answer: D 57) The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary. A) parasympathetic : constriction sympathetic : constriction sympathetic : dilation parasympathetic : dilation somatic : constriction 57) 58) What nourishes the lens and cornea? 58) A) the choroid the optic disk aqueous humor vitreous humor Purkinje fibers 59) Which receptor type is used to detect photons of light? 59) A) mechanical nociceptors hair cells in semicircular canals chemoreceptors photoreceptors warm receptors Answer: D 17

18 60) What is the pigmented structure that absorbs light waves? 60) A) retinal pigmented epithelium fovea iris cornea retina 61) What is the tough connective tissue that makes up the "white" of the eye called? 61) A) sclera pupil ciliary muscles cornea zonular fibers 62) What is the first refractive structure through which light waves must pass as they enter the eye? 62) A) cornea zonular fibers ciliary muscles optic disk pupil 63) What is a condition where light, originating from a distance, is focused in front of the retina? 63) A) hyperopia myopia neurotropia presbyopia emmetropia Answer: B 18

19 64) When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient's eye, which of the following occurs? 64) A) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation. The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. 65) Which of the following has receptor cells that are modified epithelial cells? 65) A) vision olfaction taste touch both olfaction and taste 66) Which of the following describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens? 66) A) astigmatism hyperopia cataracts glaucoma presbyopia 19

20 67) How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous system? A) The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus. Different second-order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities. Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities. The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus. The neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on the intensity of the stimulus. Answer: D 67) 68) Afferent neurons from the semicircular canal, the utricle, and the saccule enter the brainstem where most terminate within the A) lateral reticular formation. medial geniculate body. vestibular nuclei. nucleus raphe magnus. lateral geniculate body. 68) 69) Somatosensory receptors that lack identifiable specialized structures are called 69) A) free nerve endings. feedback loops. gustatory receptors. photoreceptors. Pacinian corpuscles. 20

21 70) How are pain signals from visceral receptors "referred" to the body surface? 70) A) the divergence of visceral and somatic afferents onto different second-order neurons signals from visceral receptors that travel to skin receptors to activate them the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same third-order neurons the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same first-order neurons 71) Frequency of sound is coded for by the 71) A) direction that the stereocilia are stimulated. amplitude of the action potentials. location of the hair cell stimulated. number of hair cells stimulated. frequency of action potentials. 72) Which of the following is NOT part of the gate-control theory of pain modulation? 72) A) Inhibitory interneurons are activated by collaterals of A fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli. A nonpainful stimulus can activate the inhibitory interneuron and thereby inhibit the painful stimulus. Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain. Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second-order pain neurons. Inhibitory interneurons are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent. 21

22 73) Photoreceptors transmit information directly to cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, causing those cells to develop a(n) potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. A) amacrine : graded bipolar : graded ganglion : graded amacrine : action ganglion : action Answer: B 74) Where is the visual cortex found? 74) A) frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe thalamus parietal lobe Answer: B 73) 75) The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary. A) somatic : constriction parasympathetic : dilation parasympathetic : constriction sympathetic : dilation sympathetic : constriction Answer: D 75) 22

23 76) What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus called? A) adaptation transduction sensitization localization habituation 76) 77) The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called A) sensory transduction. sensory generation. modality conversion. sensory production. sensory conversion. 78) What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue? A) Meissner's corpuscle thermoreceptors Merkel's disk proprioceptors nociceptors 77) 78) 23

24 79) Which of the following is most sensitive to light? 79) A) rods S cones L cones ganglionic cells M cones 80) Whether the hair cell in the semicircular canal is depolarized or hyperpolarized is dependent upon which of the following? A) direction toward which only the kinocilia are bent extent to which the stereocilia are bent speed at which the head rotates direction toward which the stereocilia are bent relative to the kinocilium speed at which the stereocilia are bent Answer: D 80) 81) Tips of stereocilia for sound are embedded in what structure? 81) A) utricle cochlea basilar membrane organ of Corti tectorial membrane 82) The cornea and lens are surfaces that cause light to converge on a. 82) A) convex : focal length concave : focal length convex : focal point transparent : focal length concave : focal point 24

25 83) Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon to detect movement of fluid within the ear. A) thermoreceptors magnetoreceptors hydroreceptors chemoreceptors hair cells 83) 84) Cones that respond to the shortest wavelengths of light (S cones) respond best to what color spectrum? A) blue orange yellow red green 84) 85) Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision? 85) A) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, flattening the lens. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder. Ciliary muscles relax, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, flattening the lens. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, and the lens becomes rounder. Answer: B 86) Proprioceptors provide the body with continuous information that changes little as a particular joint angle is maintained, and are therefore an example of receptors. A) tonic or slowly adapting series clonic parallel phasic 86) 25

26 87) What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular afferent neuron? A) labeled lines neuronal fields motor units receptive fields second-order neurons Answer: D 88) What structure is comprised of neural tissue that includes bipolar cells? 88) A) zonular fibers retina pupil ciliary muscles cornea Answer: B 87) 89) Which sensory system does NOT need to transmit information through the thalamus to reach the cortex? A) taste somatosensory systems olfaction vestibular/equilibrium hearing 89) 26

27 90) Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina? 90) A) photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor Answer: B 91) Which of the following is true of photoreceptors in the light (relative to the dark)? 91) A) The synaptic terminal is releasing more transmitter. Phosphodiesterase is more active. Sodium channels are open. The photoreceptors are depolarized. cgmp levels are elevated. Answer: B 92) The second-order neurons in the olfactory pathway are called cells. 92) A) gustatory ganglion glomeruli mitral bipolar Answer: D 93) Which receptor type is used to detect the stretch of specific blood vessels? 93) A) warm receptors baroreceptors chemoreceptors mechanical nociceptors osmoreceptors Answer: B 27

28 94) Another name for an afferent neuron is neuron. 94) A) multipolar receptor first-order second-order third-order 95) Which of the following statements about hair cells in the ear is FALSE? 95) A) Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph. Only the inner hair cells of the cochlea function directly in sound transduction. When potassium channels in hair cells open, potassium ions move into the cell, depolarizing it. There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells. Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium. 96) The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are 96) A) integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex. transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated. maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated. transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated. integrated before reaching the primary visual cortex. Answer: D 28

29 97) In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively by the presence of open channels. A) depolarized : potassium hyperpolarized : potassium hyperpolarized : sodium depolarized : calcium depolarized : sodium 98) Which of the following is the most abundant in the retina? 98) A) M cones ganglionic cells rods L cones S cones 99) The presence of cgmp in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the 99) A) opening of sodium channels. opening of calcium channels. closure of sodium channels. opening of potassium channels. closure of potassium channels. 100) Which of the following best describes the location of the anterior segment? 100) A) within the ear, between the vestibular and basilar membranes within the ear, between the basilar and tympanic membranes within the eye, between the iris and lens within the eye, between the cornea and iris within the eye, between the cornea and lens 29 97)

30 101) Which receptor type is used to detect angular acceleration? 101) A) hair cells in cochlea chemoreceptors hair cells in semicircular canals hair cells in utricle mechanical nociceptors 102) Slow pain is mediated by what type of nociceptor? 102) A) A-delta fibers Merkel's disk Ruffini's free endings polymodal nociceptors A-gamma fibers Answer: D 103) Which of the following arranges the components of the neural pathway for vision in the correct order, starting with the photoreceptor and ending with the visual cortex? A) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic radiations, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, visual cortex photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell, optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic tract, optic radiations, visual cortex photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic tract, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex 103) 30

31 104) When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively, allowing the eye to focus on objects that are. A) flat : distant transparent : anywhere within the field of view flat : close round : distant round : close 105) Which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause? 105) A) glaucoma : increased volume and therefore, increased pressure of aqueous humor myopia : eyeball too long cataract : discoloration of the lens myopia : lens too strong astigmatism : hardening of the lens 106) The neural pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex is called the optic 106) A) chiasm. tract. fasciculus. radiations. nerve. Answer: D 104) 107) Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a pain and is carried along fibers. A) sharp : C dull : C sharp : A sharp : A dull : A Answer: D 107) 31

32 108) Molecules must be dissolved in fluid to interact with the receptor for which of the following? 108) A) vision olfaction taste touch both olfaction and taste 109) The mass of the gelatinous material within the saccule and utricle is enhanced by the presence of what type of crystals? A) calcium carbonate potassium chloride sodium chloride calcium phosphate sodium carbonate 109) 110) Which type of nociceptor is associated with C fibers? 110) A) polymodal nociceptors rapid warm slow mechanical two-point tactile rapid cold 111) What is the muscle under autonomic control that regulates the diameter of the pupil? 111) A) iris pupil ciliary muscles zonular fibers cornea 32

33 112) Which receptor type is used to detect increases in temperature between 30 C and 43 C? 112) A) warm receptors osmoreceptors cold receptors chemoreceptors mechanical nociceptors 113) What is the stimulus type to which a receptor responds the greatest called? 113) A) transduction perception appropriation modality adequate stimulus 114) Which receptor type is used to detect decreases in temperature from 35 C to 20 C? 114) A) warm receptors osmoreceptors chemoreceptors cold receptors mechanical nociceptors Answer: D 115) Where does the spinothalamic tract cross over to the opposite side? 115) A) thalamus frontal lobe brainstem parietal lobe spinal cord 33

34 116) Where is the auditory cortex found? 116) A) frontal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe brainstem parietal lobe Answer: B 117) What is the mechanism by which receptors convert stimulus energies into changes in membrane potential? A) appropriation perception transduction adequate stimulus modality 118) What molecules within the mucus of the olfactory epithelium carry odorants to the receptor on the cilia? A) hydrophilic camp olfactory binding proteins Golf sustentacular proteins 117) 118) 119) What are the cones called that respond to the red spectrum of light? 119) A) Y cones S cones G cones R cones L cones 34

35 120) Where is the termination of second-order neurons found? 120) A) thalamus occipital lobe parietal lobe brainstem frontal lobe 121) Which of the following is not a cell type found in the retina? 121) A) horizontal cells amacrine cells bipolar cells macular cells photoreceptors Answer: D 122) What is the location of the dorsal columns? 122) A) parietal lobe brainstem spinal cord occipital lobe frontal lobe 123) Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the. The sound waves are then transmitted along the to the cochlea. A) saccule : eustachian tube round window : saccule oval window : eustachian tube oval window : ossicles tympanic membrane : ossicles 123) 35

36 124) The optic nerve exits the eye at what point? 124) A) retina fovea zonular fibers pupil optic disk 125) The, projecting from the end of hair cells, are attached to the, which causes them to bend when sound waves enter the cochlea. A) kinocilia : basilar membrane nitrocilia : tectorial membrane stereocilia : tectorial membrane cilia : basilar membrane stereocilia : basilar membrane 126) Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the A) direction that the stereocilia move. acceleration of the body. size of the stereocilia. frequency of the sound. intensity of the sound. 125) 126) 36

37 127) What two taste qualities use a G protein during the transduction process? 127) A) sweet and sour bitter and salty sour and salty salty and sweet sweet and bitter 128) What type of vision occurs in light levels that activate both rods and cones? 128) A) retinotopic photopic scotopic rhodopic mesopic 129) What type of cells in the olfactory mucosa maintain the extracellular environment surrounding the receptor cells? A) goblet cells fibroblasts sustentacular cells basal cells mast cells 129) 130) What structure includes the scala media, scala tympani, and the scala vestibule? 130) A) helicotrema cochlea ampulla utricle basilar membrane Answer: B 37

38 131) Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE? 131) A) The ability to locate the stimulus is enhanced by lateral inhibition. The type of stimulus is coded for by the specific pathway activated. The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential. The location of the stimulus is coded for by the receptive field activated. Coding for a stimulus type is maintained from receptor to cortex. 132) Which of the following would NOT affect our ability to resolve the location of a specific stimulus? 132) A) density of receptors in the area size of the receptive field lateral inhibition between receptive fields location of cell body of the afferent neuron extent of overlap between receptive fields Answer: D 133) Which cranial nerve transmits taste information to the central nervous system? 133) A) VII only IX only X only both VII and IX VII, IX, and X 134) What is the function of the ear ossicles? 134) A) maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear provide structural support of the cochlea provide structural support of the eardrum transduce sound waves to neural impulses Answer: B 38

39 135) What structure separates the middle from the external ear? 135) A) tympanic membrane round window eustachian tube basilar membrane oval window 136) Which of the following best represents the endocochlear potential? 136) A) -20 mv -90 mv +60 mv +80 mv -70 mv Answer: D 137) What type of receptor detects blood pressure? 137) A) osmoreceptor nociceptor thermoreceptor baroreceptor proprioceptor Answer: D 138) The first neurons capable of generating action potentials in the transmission pathway for visual information detected by rods and cones are the cells. A) amacrine vertical horizontal bipolar ganglion 138) 39

40 139) What structure detects linear acceleration? 139) A) utricle cochlea basilar membrane ampulla semicircular canals 140) The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for 140) A) processing of information from the cones. an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea. an unhindered pathway for light to reach the rods of the fovea. processing of information from the rods. enhanced communication between bipolar and ganglion cells. Answer: B 141) When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the must first before low light levels can be detected. A) rods : bleach rods : dissociate cones : associate rods : associate cones : dissociate Answer: D 141) 40

41 142) A person has damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. This person would have impaired A) temperature sensation of the right leg. touch sensation of the left leg. touch sensation of the right leg. temperature sensation of the left leg. temperature sensation of the right arm and leg. 143) The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the that ascend to the. 143) A) thalamus : primary motor cortex lateral geniculate body : cerebellum lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex thalamus : primary somatosensory cortex hypothalamus : primary visual cortex 144) The bone overlying the olfactory epithelium is called the 144) A) sphenoid. cribriform plate. maxilla. frontal. vomer. Answer: B 145) Of the following areas of the body, which has the greatest tactile acuity? 145) A) lips back hand upper arm forehead 142) 41

42 146) The anterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction? 146) A) moving the head up and down as in saying "yes" linear acceleration in the up and down directions linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions the rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder rotating the head as in saying "no" 147) Which of the following is an incorrect match between cranial nerve and special sense? 147) A) cranial nerve I - olfaction cranial nerve II - vision cranial nerve III - taste cranial nerve VIII - hearing cranial nerve VIII - equilibrium 148) Which of the following is associated with high visual acuity? 148) A) cones ganglionic cells rods bipolar cells both rods and cones 149) Which of the sensory receptors within the skin are located deep within the dermis? 149) A) Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini's endings neuromuscular spindle chemoreceptors Merkel's disks baroreceptors 42

43 150) Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin? 150) A) hair cells Pacinian corpuscles Merkel's disks hair follicle receptors Meissner's corpuscles 151) Which of the following connects the middle ear to the pharynx? 151) A) utricle tympanic membrane basilar membrane external auditory meatus Eustachian tube 152) What is the site of highest visual acuity? 152) A) retinal pigmented epithelium retina optic disk fovea sclera Answer: D 43

44 153) Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE? 153) A) Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation. Lateral inhibition decreases the two-point discrimination threshold. Lateral inhibition produces contrast within the nervous system. Lateral inhibition occurs when communication is inhibited to second-order neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields. Lateral inhibition enhances acuity. 154) The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure? 154) A) fovea iris ciliary body optic disk cornea Answer: B 155) Which of the following BEST describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature decreases from 35 C to 25 C? A) Warm-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials. Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents fire at the same frequency. Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show an increase in the frequency of action potentials. Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials. Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials. Answer: D 155) 44

45 156) The detection of sweet by taste receptors occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane activating that ultimately causes a. A) Golf : potassium channel to close gustducin : potassium channel to close transducin : sodium channel to close transducin : potassium channel to open gustducin : sodium channel to close Answer: B 157) Axons of the olfactory nerve travel through what special structure? 157) A) organ of Corti glomeruli cochlear membrane cribriform plate olfactory bulb Answer: D 158) What is a condition where light, originating from a close-up source, is focused behind the retina? 158) A) myopia presbyopia neurotropia emmetropia hyperopia 156) 45

46 159) The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by 159) A) mapping of sound location on the cerebral cortex. lateral inhibition that occurs between the right and left cochlea. the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea. lateral excitation occurring between the right and left cochlea. differences in sound intensity as it reaches the right and left cochlea. 160) What muscle is under parasympathetic control to regulate the refractive power of the lens? 160) A) zonular fibers fovea pupil cornea ciliary muscles 161) What type of receptor responds to chemicals like histamine and bradykinin that are released from damaged tissue? A) hair follicle receptors polymodal nociceptors mechanical nociceptors thermal nociceptors Ruffini's endings Answer: B 161) 162) The transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs in the 162) A) eustachian tube. semicircular canals. ossicles. utricle. cochlea. 46

47 163) What is another name for a receptor potential produced at sensory receptors? 163) A) generator potential synaptic potential sensory potential afferent potential detector potential 164) Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over to the opposite side? 164) A) parietal lobe spinal cord frontal lobe thalamus brainstem 165) In comparison to low pitch sound, high pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane 165) A) closer to the tympanic membrane. closer to the helicotrema. closer to the oval window. of greater amplitude. of lesser amplitude. 166) Where is the somatosensory cortex found? 166) A) frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe brainstem occipital lobe 47

48 167) What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium? 167) A) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina. Provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. Absorb light that enters the eye. Secrete vitreous humor. Secrete aqueous humor. 168) In which chamber(s) of the cochlea is endolymph found? 168) A) saccule scala tympani scala media utricle scala vestibule 169) What are the strands of connective tissue that connect the lens to muscles for accommodation called? A) pupil ciliary muscles cornea zonular fibers optic disk Answer: D 169) 170) Which of the following components of the visual pathway is 100% ipsilateral to the visual field? 170) A) optic nerve optic tract lateral geniculate nucleus visual cortex None of the answers is correct. 48

49 171) The stereocilia and kinocilium on the hair cells of the ampulla project into what structure? 171) A) utricle scala tympani cupula scala vestibule saccule 172) The is an indentation in the retina that contains the fovea. 172) A) optic disc choroid optic chiasm macula lutea optic foramen Answer: D 173) What is the location of the gustatory nucleus? 173) A) brainstem occipital lobe parietal lobe frontal lobe thalamus 174) In which structure(s) is rhodopsin found? 174) A) ganglionic cells rods cones bipolar cells both rods and cones 49

50 175) Which of the following is the most accurate definition of perception? 175) A) the detection of stimuli in the internal environment by visceral receptors the detection of stimuli in the external environment by sensory receptors the conscious interpretation of the world around us the processing of visual stimuli by the brain to give an accurate representation of the view of the world the detection of the various energy forms in the environment by sensory receptors 176) Which receptor type is used to detect intense mechanical stimuli? 176) A) baroreceptors warm receptors mechanical nociceptors chemoreceptors hair cells in semicircular canals 50

51 Figure ) In Figure 10.2, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5? 177) A) incus, round window, oval window, cochlea, external acoustic meatus incus, tectorial membrane, oval window, saccule, helicotrema malleus, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea, eustachian tube malleus, basilar membrane, round window, ampulla, helicotrema tympanic membrane, malleus, oval window, semicircular canal, eustachian tube 178) What is a person's conscious interpretation of the external environment called? 178) A) transduction appropriation perception modality adequate stimulus SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 179) The absence of pain, but not other somatosensations, is called (anesthesia / analgesia). 179) Answer: analgesia 51

52 180) Bending of stereocilia of a hair cell toward the kinocilium causes (depolarization / hyperpolarization) of the hair cell. Answer: depolarization 181) Cones are most concentrated in the (fovea / optic disk). 181) Answer: fovea 180) 182) Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes (contraction / relaxation) of the radial muscle, which causes pupillary dilation. Answer: contraction 182) 183) The fluid inside the semicircular canals is (endolymph / perilymph). 183) Answer: endolymph 184) Sensory information about (vision / sound) is relayed through the medial geniculate body of the thalamus. Answer: sound 184) 185) Thermoreceptors have relatively (large / small) receptive fields. 185) Answer: small 186) (Nociceptors / Warm receptors) respond best to temperatures greater than 44 C. 186) Answer: Nociceptors 187) A (concave / convex) lens causes light waves to converge onto a focal point. 187) Answer: convex 188) (Rods / Cones) have a greater degree of convergence with bipolar cells. 188) Answer: Rods 189) (Rods / Cones) are more sensitive to light. 189) Answer: Rods 190) During near vision, the ciliary muscle contracts due to activation of the (sympathetic / parasympathetic) nervous system. As a result, the zonular fibers to go slack, which causes the refractive power of the lens to increase and the lens become rounder. Answer: parasympathetic 190) 52

53 TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 191) Depth perception requires visual input from both eyes. 191) 192) Receptive field sizes are approximately the same over all parts of the body for a specific modality. 192) 193) Although pain perception can vary between individuals, one person always perceives the identical painful stimulus as being the same. 193) 194) All people have the same perception of the external environment. 194) 195) The vestibular apparatus can only detect changes in the rate of head movement. 195) 196) Cytokines released during illness can cause a person to be more sensitive to pain. 196) 197) Extensive convergence of rods onto bipolar cells allows for greater sensitivity to light. 197) 198) The wavelength of light that we perceive is that wavelength that has been absorbed by the object being observed. 198) 199) Chemical nociceptors respond to chemical substances released by damaged tissue. 199) 200) Olfactory receptors are tonic (slowly adapting) receptors that detect odors. 200) 201) The lips are the most sensitive to the two-point discrimination threshold because their receptive fields are relatively small. 201) 53

54 202) We generally do not perceive information transmitted by visceral afferents. 202) 203) The point on the retina with greatest visual acuity is the optic disk. 203) 204) Modulation of sensory information as it is transmitted from receptors to the cerebral cortex can only occur at synapses. 204) 205) Each semicircular canal can only detect rotation in one direction. 205) 206) In a neural pathway, when an excitatory synapse follows an inhibitory synapse, this is called disinhibition. 206) 207) Capsaicin causes a burning sensation in the mouth because it binds to TRPV1 receptors. 207) 208) Corrective lenses that are concave are used to correct myopia. 208) 209) The concentration of cgmp in a photoreceptor is relatively high in the dark, thereby maintaining rods and cones in the depolarized state. 209) 210) Tonic receptors are best at detecting changes in the environment. 210) 211) Information from the right visual field is perceived in the left visual cortex. 211) 212) Along a large portion of the retina, light must pass through two layers of cells before reaching a photoreceptor. 212) 54

55 213) Extensive convergence exists from the cones to the bipolar cells within the fovea. 213) 214) The term modality refers to the form of energy that defines a specific stimulus. 214) 215) In order to taste food, the chemicals must be dissolved in mucus. 215) 216) Transcutaneous nerve stimulation describes a technique whereby current applied to the skin stimulates large diameter afferent axons (A fiber) to inhibit the transmission of a painful stimulus from the C fiber to a second-order neuron. 216) 217) Merkel's disks are superficial mechanoreceptors located in both glabrous and hairy skin. 217) 218) A decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential over time in the presence of a continued stimulus is called habituation. 218) 219) Taste receptor cells are located only on the tongue. 219) 220) There are separate receptors for warm and cold. 220) 221) The eighth cranial nerve carries information about hearing and equilibrium from the ear to the central nervous system. 222) The photoreceptors responsible for resetting the light/dark cycle contains a photopigment called melanopsin. 223) The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway carries mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive information to the thalamus, whereas the spinothalamic tract carries thermoreceptive and nociceptive information. 221) 222) 223) 55

56 224) Each taste receptor cell is specific to only one of the four primary tastes. 224) 225) Auditory information is transmitted through the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus to the cortex. 225) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 226) Describe the process involved in focusing an image onto the retina for objects near and far and how that process is controlled. Identify the two common defects in our ability to focus light on the retina and how they can be fixed. s light moves from one transparent material to the next (cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous humor), those wavelengths of light are bent (refracted). Light is refracted as it moves through the interface of two transparent materials of different densities. In the human eye, the lens is capable of actively modifying its refractive power through accommodation (the process of modifying the structure of the lens). The thickness of the lens can be altered by ciliary muscles that are attached to the lens by zonular fibers. The ciliary muscle forms a ring around the lens such that, when it contracts, the amount of tension on the lens from the zonular fibers is reduced. This reduction in radial tension on the lens causes the lens to thicken due to its inherent elasticity. As the lens thickens, light is bent to a greater extent in order to focus objects that are close to the eye onto the retina. When viewing something at a distance, the ciliary muscle relaxes, which increases the tension on the zonular fibers and thereby causes the lens to flatten. Accommodation is under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system, whose activity stimulates ciliary muscle contraction, causing the lens to thicken as it focuses on an object that is near. A distant object is brought into focus by the relaxation of the ciliary muscle induced by a decrease in parasympathetic activity. However, the lens is not always able to focus the light onto the retina. In myopia (near-sightedness), the lens and cornea refract the light such that the image is focused in front of the retina. This can be corrected by positioning a concave lens in front of the cornea, which will cause the light to diverge before reaching the eye. Hyperopia occurs because the lens cannot accommodate enough for near vision (the light is not refracted enough). Thus, the object is focused behind the retina. A convex lens in front of the cornea can correct for this by causing the light to converge before reaching the eye. 227) Taste involves a complex mixture of different receptors for particular classes of compounds that can be present in food. Describe how taste receptors are able to detect the four primary tastes. Answer: The sensation of taste derives from chemoreceptors within the mouth. Those chemoreceptors are located within structures called taste buds on the tongue and roof of the mouth. Taste sensitive cells are modified epithelial cells with taste receptors that bind selectively to chemicals (tastants) in the food that we ingest. In order to bind, the chemical must be dissolved in saliva. There are four primary tastes: salt, sour, sweet, and bitter. Sour derives from the presence of hydrogen ions that block potassium channels, which causes the cells to depolarize. Salty foods are sensed by the increased electrochemical driving force for movement of sodium into the cell, which would cause the cell to depolarize. Sweet is mediated by the receptor linked to a G protein called gustducin, which binds to organic molecules such as sucrose to stimulate the production of camp. This activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates a potassium channel. This phosphorylation causes more potassium channels to remain in the closed state, thereby depolarizing the cell. Bitter is associated with detection of nitrogenous compounds. Bitter substances can be sensed by several different mechanisms: the direct binding to a receptor, which causes the closure of potassium channels, and the binding to a receptor that activates a G protein, called transducin. In that case, transducin activates the enzyme phospholipase C, which leads to the production of IP3. An increase in IP3 stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 56