Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis. Lung Development

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1 Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Margaret Schwarz, MD Associate Professor Lung Development PECAM-1 Vascular Mediators VEGF ECM Adhesion molecules Anti-angiogenic Factors Fate Specification 1

2 Vascular Growth Factors contribute to lung dysplasia Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Vascular Development Formation of Pulmonary Vasculature Vascular Growth Factors in Lung Morphogenesis Pulmonary Arterial vs Venous Differentiation 2

3 Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Vascular Development Formation of Pulmonary Vasculature Vascular Growth Factors in Lung Morphogenesis Pulmonary Arterial vs Venous Differentiation Vascular Development Schwarz and Cleaver, 2009, The Pulmonary Endothelium:3-24 3

4 Architecture of Blood Vessels Schwarz and Cleaver, 2009, The Pulmonary Endothelium:3-24 Lung Morphogenesis Schwarz and Cleaver, 2009, The Pulmonary Endothelium:3-24 4

5 Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Vascular Development Formation of Pulmonary Vasculature Vascular Growth Factors in Lung Morphogenesis Pulmonary Arterial vs Venous Differentiation Lung Vascular Development QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Galambos and DeMello Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 10, 1-17,2007 5

6 Pulmonary Vascular Emergence PECAM-1 + Vessel patency- fluorescent lectin Vessel marker- PECAM-1 Structure- DAPI Mesenchymal vessel formation and Blood flow E11.5 Lectin fluorescein / PECAM-1 Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81,

7 E12.5 blood flow Lectin fluorescein / PECAM-1 / DAPI Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81, 2009 E14.5 blood flow Lectin fluorescein / PECAM-1 / DAPI Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81,

8 E15.5 blood flow Lectin fluorescein / PECAM-1 / DAPI Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81, 2009 Pulmonary Vascularization Schwarz and Cleaver, 2009, The Pulmonary Endothelium:3-24 8

9 Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Vascular Development Formation of Pulmonary Vasculature Vascular Growth Factors in Lung Morphogenesis Pulmonary Arterial vs Venous Differentiation Model of Pulmonary Vascularization Schwarz and Cleaver, 2009, The Pulmonary Endothelium:3-24 9

10 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Role in early vessel formation Expressed in tissues adjacent to vessels Tethered to ECM Modulated by hypoxia / oxidative stress QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. VEGFR-1 EC proliferation VEGFR-2 angioblast specification VEGF Isoforms Modulate Vessel In Growth QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Jeremy Grunstein, et al MCB Vol. 20, pp ,

11 Differential Expression of VEGF Isoforms in Pulmonary Morphogenesis are needed to see this picture. Y-S Ng, et al Dev. Dyn. Vol. 220, pp , 2001 Jeremy Grunstein, et al MCB, 2000 E17 All VEGF Isoforms are essential to Pulmonary Morphogeneis -/- VEGF 120 /- VEGF 120 /VEGF 120 E18 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Csaba Galambos, et al AJRCMB Vol. 27, pp ,

12 VEGF and VEGFR2-phosphorylated E Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81, 2009 Anti-angiogenic Growth Factors Play a Role in Lung Development Angiogenic Growth Factors Anti-angiogenic Growth Factors 12

13 Endothelial-Monocyte Activating Polypeptide (EMAP) II Single chain polypeptide activates endothelial cells, monocytes and leukocytes Kao et al J. Biol Chem (1992) 267, Kao et al J. Biol Chem (1994) Anti-angiogenic protein Schwarz et al (1999) J. Exp Med 190, Interferes with alpha5 beta1 / FN Schwarz, MA et al Exp Cell Res, 2005 Inhibits VEGFR phosphorylation Awasthti, N, Schwarz, MA, Varma, V, Cappiello, C. and Schwarz, RE Lab Invest 2009 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. EMAP II is expressed at the epithelial-mesenchymal junction in early lung development In Situ Hybridization Schwarz, MA et al Am J Physiol Lung Mol Physiol

14 Allograft model of fetal lung morphogenesis Schwarz, MA et al AJP An allograft model of lung morphogenesis undergoes neovascularization PECAM-1 immunohistochemistry Schwarz, MA et al AJP 14

15 An allograft model of fetal lung morphogenesis undergoes differentiation SP-C in situ hybridization Schwarz, MA et al AJP EMAP II modulates distal lung formation in a lung allograft model Control Bronchi Alveoli Alveoli EMAP II Schwarz et al, 2000, Mechanisms of Development 95:

16 EMAP II inhibits SP-C in the distal alveoli in a lung allograft model Control EMAP II EMAPII ATB Schwarz et al, 2000, Mechanisms of Development 95: Vascular Growth Factor Mediation of Alveolar Formation and Differentiation 16

17 AT2 cells differentiate to AT1 cells P180-DAPI AQP5-DAPI Day 0 Day 7 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Willis, B and Borok, Z Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2006 Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Vascular Development Formation of Pulmonary Vasculature Vascular Growth Factors in Lung Morphogenesis Pulmonary Arterial vs Venous Differentiation 17

18 Arterial / Venous Designation Ephrin B2 Eph B4 Himanen and Nikolov, 2003, Trends in Neurosciences 26(1):46-51 Bi-directional Signaling Eph B4 Ephrin B2 Forward signaling Reverse signaling Cowan and Henkemeyer, 2002, Trends in Cell Biology 12(7):

19 Early lung vascular development lacks arterial/venous designation Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81, 2009 Early lung vascular development lacks arterial/venous designation Schwarz, MA et al, AJP, Vol.296, pg.l71-81,

20 Ephrin-Eph Binding Ephrin B2 Eph B4 Himanen and Nikolov, 2003, Trends in Neurosciences 26(1):46-51 Arterial Role of EphrinB2 Localized to arterial endothelium (Adams, et al 1999) Essential for angiogenic remodeling (Adams, et al 1999) Global knockouts lethal at E8.5 (Cowan, et al 2004) 20

21 Bidirectional Signaling Eph B4 Forward signaling Ephrin B2 Reverse signaling Cowan and Henkemeyer, 2002, Trends in Cell Biology 12(7): Vascular Growth Factors contribute to lung dysplasia Impact of hypoxia / oxidative stress 21

22 Growth Factor Circuitry in Vascular Morphogenesis Vascular Growth Factors mediate pulmonary vascular development Influence of Vascular Growth Factors extends to distal alveolar development Arterial / Venous fate designation lacks early specificity PECAM-1 Contributors Yao Chen Janet Thorton Susan Legan Haiming Xu Katherine Bennett Haihua Zheng Niranjan Awasthi Zea Borok Roderich Schwarz Mark Henkemyer Ondine Cleaver NHLBI 22