Cardiovascular System Note-Taking Guide

Transcription

1 FUNctions: Name: Cardiovascular System Note-Taking Guide Heart: Pumps and delivers through the body Blood: Vessels: Delivers and to the body Carries waste and Maintains homeostasis - Carries blood from the heart and distributes it throughout the Veins and Venules- Carries blood back to the heart. It also carries away from the cells. Major Parts of System:

2 Atria: Ventricles: Chambers of Heart Walls Receive blood returning to the Have auricles - ear like projections extending anteriorly from the atria Chambers of the Heart Receive blood from Contract to push blood out of the into the arteries

3 *Right side has thinner walls Septum: Solid and wall-like the left atria and ventricle from the right Because of septum, deoxygenated blood and oxygen rich blood will mix Atrioventricular Valve (A-V Valve): Tricuspid Valve: -has cusps - lies right atrium and right ventricle - Prevents into atrium -Has Chordae Tendineae- originate from papillary muscles and prevents from swinging into atrium Mitral Valve: - lies between the left atrium and left ventricle - Shaped like a miter - Also called Valve - Prevents backflow into atrium - Also contains Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary Valve: - lies between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk leading to - Has cusps - Prevents into ventricle - Pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary veins which lead to Aortic Valve:

4 - At the base of the, an artery leading to the rest of the and right ventricle - Has cusps - Allows blood into aorta and not back into the right ventricle *Both named for their half-moon shapes of their cusps Coverings of the Heart: Wall of the Heart: Myocardium: - Muscle Tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chamber - Muscle fibers are separated into, separated by connective tissue - Connective tissue is supplied with ample blood and lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers Endocardium: - Epithelium and Connective tissue that has many and fibers - Contains blood vessels and - Continuous with the of blood vessels attached to the heart

5 Arteries: capillary Coronary Arteries: Venules: Carries blood to body cells Has walls A smaller branch of the artery is an which leads to a First branches of the aorta Supplies blood to the tissues of the heart Openings lie just beyond the cells needs oxygenated blood to keep the heart pumping Coronary Arteries supply blood to the capillaries of the Myocardium

6 Are the microscopic vessels that continue from capillaries and form Cardiac Veins and Coronary Sinus: Branches of the veins the coronary arteries Drains the blood that has passed from the capillaries Veins join an enlarged vein on the heart s posterior surface, the Coronary Sinus empties into the right atrium Pathway of the Heart: Superior/Inferior Vena Cava Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins 9. Atrium 10. Bicuspid/Mitral Valve 11. Left 12. Aortic Valve Distributed through Arteries 15. Goes to

7 16. Back to Vena Cava Heart Sounds: Sounds come from the closing of the valves of the heart First Sound = Second Sound = Components of Blood: Fun Facts: The lubb sound occurs during ventricular contraction when the The dupp sound occurs during ventricular relaxation when the - Slightly heavier than water - 3 or 4 times more viscous than Components: - Blood Cells -White Blood Cells -Blood Platelets -Blood Plasma - and Nutrients Red Blood Cells: Also called - this shape allows the cell membrane to be closer to the oxygen-carrying White Blood Cells: parasites Transports and Carbon Dioxide Also called Protect against - destroys pathogenic microorganisms and

8 Removes worn cells Basophils Blood Platelets: types: Granulocytes, Agranulocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Also known as Helps control blood from broken vessels by closing breaks in damaged blood cells and initiating the formation of blood Blood Plasma: Arise from large cells in red bone marrow called Clear straw Colored liquid protein of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended water Functions: Transporting nutrients, gases and vitamins; Helps regulate fluid and electrolytes; Maintaining a favorable Gases: Nutrients: Lipoproteins: Most important gases are and Blood also contains dissolved Include amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, and lipids Plasma Lipids include,, and Plasma combine with proteins to make lipoprotein complexes types of Lipoproteins: -Chylomicron: transports fats to muscle and adipose cells

9 -Very Lipoproteins (VLDL): transports triglycerides from the liver to adipose cells -Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL): Delivers to various cells including liver cells -High-density Lipoproteins (HDL): Transports to the liver remnants of Chylomicrons that has given up their Blood Types: ABO Blood Group: and B : Red blood cell surface molecules (also called agglutinogens) and react with protein antibodies (agglutinins) : a proteins that B cells of the immune system produce in response to the presence of a nonself antigen Blood is grouped according to the or of antigens A Blood Transfusions: The concern in blood transfusion procedures is that the cells in the donated blood not due to antibodies in the recipients plasma An of one type will react with an antigen of the same type and clump red blood cells therefore such combinations must be

10 The Rh Factor: The Rh Factor are antigens, the most important of these is antigen If any of the Rh antigens are present on red blood cell membranes = Rh Positive If there are not any Rh antigens = Rh Rh antibodies only appear due to a Rh is what determines the or aspect of blood : AB- or AB+ Diseases: Heart Diseases:

11 : arterial disease; deposits of fatty materials (cholesterol) form within and on the walls of the heart : inflammation of the pericardium because of a bacterial infection (Mitral Valve Prolapse): cusps of mitral valve stretch and bulge in left atrium during ventricular contraction Blood Diseases: : a single DNA base change causes an incorrect amino acid to be incorporated into globin, causing hemoglobin to crystallize in a low oxygen environment and blends red blood cells with hemoglobin in a sickle shape which blocks circulation in a small blood vessels : cancer of the white blood cells; too few red blood cells and platelets and too many white blood cells : clotting disorder causing uncontrollable bleeding