The last sheet of hemodynamic disorders. Dec 11 th. Done By : batool shafi

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1 The last sheet of hemodynamic disorders Dec 11 th Done By : batool shafi

2 A: LUNG B : SPLEEN تم تصنيف ال infarction بناء على ما يظهر على المريض grossly / surgically إلى نوعين : Red infarction : hemorrhagic infarction مثال : ف أعضاء بجسم اإلنسان ف ها : dual blood supply lung (bronchial & pulmonary ), small bowel, Liver : (portal & hepatic), مسار الدم األول ب سكر و ب ص ر infarction و ال هدول ال 3 أعضاء بالذات إذا صار ف هم infarction tissue ب ص ر له ischemia و ب موت,,. red infarction عالمسار الثان ب ضل جاي الدم, عن ال tissue م ت و ب ضل ب ج عل ه دم فب نتج مثال ثان : ف حاالت ال testicular torsion & ovarian torsion التواء الخص ة و التواء المب ض. هذا االلتواء ب سكر ال venous drainage ف ال, hilum مما ؤدي الى, congestion فال organ صار محتقن بالدماء.. هذا الcongestion الحاصل ب ز د ال wall pressure ف العضو, ف ضغط على ال, arterial supply ف حدث ischemia و ب موت ال tissue و لكنه congested ف النها ة تكون النت جة infarction. red White infarction: االعضاء األخرى spleen, heart, other one blood supply organs

3 Cardiogenic shock: *Arrhythmia : عدم انتظام ضربات القلب, بالتال ال rhythm غ ر مضبوط و بالتال ال وجد ضخ, * Cardiac temponade : خروج الدم ف االوع ة الدمو ة الرئ س ة الل طالعة من القلب, mainly aorta بسبب ش ء خنق عدم الوعاء, مثال اذا حدث ال pericarditis )التهاب ف الغشاء القلب ( و تبعه fibrosis مثال بح ث ؤدي ف النها ة ال pericardia حول القلب ابس " خنق الدم انه طلع ف ال " aorta temponade عن ب كون الى. *Pulmonary embolism : ال left side of the heart ما ب ضخ الدم بشكل صح ح ال :: mechanism انت مش عم بتودي دم على الlung فمش عم برجع دم لل, pulmonary veins

4 فما بنزل دم من ح من ال left atrium لل left ventricle حتى انه بالنها ة طلع ف ال. aorta " كم ة الدم الراجع من الlung غ ر فعالة انه طلع ف ال left ventricle للجسم " و كلها ف النها ة تسبب Cardiogenic shock المفاجئ ف كل اعضاء الجسم. الل هو القلب مش شغال من ح و سبب نقص الترو ة Hypovolemic shock :, مثل ال, trauma معظم حاالت النزف الدم الماش بالجسم قل, الدم كله فجأة طلع برا ال vessels و ال, حاالت ال vomiting الشد د ف الحوادث و ال trauma ب موتوا بسببها. أ ضا حاالت ال burns diarrhea الشد دة المتكررة. فقدان السوائل ببطء سبب dehydration أما الشد د المتكرر ف سبب Hypovolemic shock Septic shock : ف infection شد د أدى إلى inflammatory response شد د أدى إلى إفراز mediators بكثرة vasodilation + increase vascular الدم و مما ؤدي إلى TNF )ف, IL-1,IL-6 ) permeability ineffective circulation فالدم ما ب وصل االنسجة, هذا حصل ف الshock Septic و ممكن رافق حالة ثان ة ه ال, anaphylactic shock و ه shock ناتجة عن حساس ة شد دة نت جة افراز اله ستام ن. G+ septicemia, عن مش بالضرورة البكت ر ا منتشرة ف الدم و عاملة,septicemia حتى تعمل septic shock, مش ممكن كون ال infectionموضع ف مكان و شد د و ؤثر على الجسد إنه فرز mediators بالضرورة انه البكت ر ا هاي تكون منتشرة بالدم, Superantigens: toxins ف انواع من البكت ر ا مثل S.aureus تفرز enterotoxins سموا superantigens انهم حفزوا طائفة كب رة من ال lymphocytes فب ص ر inflammatory response الجسم. الهم القدرة على عن ف ع مستوى ممكن تحفز ال, thrombosis و لما كون ال inflammation Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIT شد د ع مستوى الجسم ممكن سبب

5 الل هو activation of thrombin ع مستوى الجسم كله ادى الى حدوث clots ف انحاء الجسم, تبعه استهالك لل thrombosis فب ص ر. bleeding Other causes of shock Neurogenic anesthesia or spinal cord injury loss of vessel tone autonomic supply راحت, رح ص ر انت عندك اعصاب مسؤولة عن ال vessel tone. vasodilation اذا هاي ال Anaphylactic shock IgE-mediated hypersensitivity الIgE ب ج عال mast cell و ال allergen ب ج عال IgE فب ص ر systemic vasodilation and increased permeability.. بواسطة الهستام ن. Septic shock The most common cause of death in " intensive care units" ICU 20% mortality rate The most common cause: Gram (+) bacteria Not necessary for the microbe to disseminate via blood Septic shock مش ضروري كون ف bacteremia حتى صاب الشخص ب Septic shock mechanisms Vasodilation tissue hypoperfusion

6 Widespread endothelial cell activation and DIC If no microbial cause: systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), examples; extensive trauma or burns pancreatitis diffuse ischemia Innate response TNF, IL-1, ROS, lipid mediators, PAF & complement activation etc. The derangement in coagulation is sufficient to produce disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC, followed by bleeding, in up to half of septic patients. **The resultant hypoperfusion and ischemia will cause multiorgan failure Stages of shock Nonprogressive stage: compensated stage ف البدا ة الجسم ب حاول س طرعالوضع, ب حاول عمل vasoconstrictionف االطراف, رجع الدم عشان روح لالعضاء المهمة, المهم لسا ما صار تعط ل لالعضاء, reflex compensatory mechanisms are activated vital organ perfusion is maintained Progressive stage: hypoperfusion onset of worsening circulatory and metabolic derangement, including acidosis

7 Irreversible stage: cellular and tissue injury is so severe even if the hemodynamic defects are corrected, survival is not possible. خربت االعضاء و ما ف مجال نصلح و حتى لو رجعنا ال supply

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