Written by : Weam Najadat and Shady Soghayr Lecture name : Blood #1

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1 Written by : Weam Najadat and Shady Soghayr Lecture name : Blood #1

2 BLOOD We are going to start our lecture which is BLOOD >> special type of connective tissue. #Why it's a special form of connective tissue>> the origin of blood like the origin of connective tissue the mesenchymal cells that have signaling to become connective tissue proper or cartilage or bone or adipose tissue "is the same" We have cell which separated by the matrix so we have cells in the blood we call it form element. Form element are the cells inside the blood we know that those cells are RBC's, white BC's, and fragment of cells which are platelets -Now we will see why it special type of connective tissue : First of all we have liquid matrix which is the plasma where the form element or the cells are located. Second thing >> it lacks fibers, we know that the connective tissue cells + matrix is the plasma however this matrix consist of liquid form plasma without fibers. * طبعا حتى البالزما لو نعمل centrifugation رح يصير separated for the compound "heavy element 'cells' below and the liquid above" # there's no fiber in the blood # we know the cardiac muscle which is specialize pump in the cardiovascular system. -Now we are going to see CVS system we have the heart which is the pump, blood vessels and the content inside the blood vessels. The liquid that pumped from the heart throw the vascular system >> arteries + veins + capillary so by the contraction of the heart (5-6 litters) in 70 kg healthy male.

3 Cells of blood: form element "RBC's" + WBC's "white blood cells" + platelet "fragment of cells". release blood from circulatory system يعني لو عنا blood و وحطيناه # "clot ب tube اللي بيصير انو الدم رح يتخثر " and there's separation in the tube ( cell and form element will form clot) and yellowish supernatant will form >> this process is different from centrifugation. Those clots contain all the form element Cells+clotting factors " clotting protein">> majorly Fibrinogen And the yellowish supernatant separate >> serum which is plasma with out fibrinogen "clotting protein". يعني ازلنا من البالزما ال clotting protein وخلينا كل انواع البروتين االخرى عشان نعرف الفرق بين ال serum و plasma همو مش identicalالفرق بينهم ال clotting protein HEMATOCRIT : amount of RBC's in blood #بالعادة ما بيصير في تخثر للدم ألنو بتحرك بس لو حطيناه ب tubeرح يصيرلو clotting purple tube و red tube حتى نقدر نمنع في بالمختبر انواع لل tube في نضع الدم بال purple tube منسميه edta clotting of blood and adhesion فيه heparin anti coagulation factor بعد ذلك منعمل centrifugation >>The heigh speede will separate RBC's "heavest majority " the RBC's from centrifugation blood is the HEMATOCRIT. Above the RBC's there is avery thin coat>> 1% WBC's +platelet 45% RBC's 55% plasma

This is the composition of the blood RBC's the heavest and the largest component from the form element But the majority plasma We know that the number of RBC's in female lesser than male..(4.2--- 6.

4 This is the composition of the blood RBC's the heavest and the largest component from the form element But the majority plasma We know that the number of RBC's in female lesser than male..( million per cubic) Buffy coat contain: -WBC's "leukocytes" (5-10) -Platelets ( thousand) Plasma : -majority : water 92% -proteins 7% >> from dissolve element -other solutes 1% RBC's carrier to multible hemoglobin " binding to oxygen" يعني هو غالف للهيموغلوبين حتى يحمل االكسجين,, لو كان بروتين لحالو"الهيموغلوبين" بدون هاد الغالف كان تكسر وما استطاع حمل االكسجين.

5 # acide balance is very important in blood جزء من CO2 يحمل بالهيموغلوبين والجزء االكبر يتحلل ل +H و بايكربونات )حمض وقاعدة( سؤال باالمتحان : What is the major protein of our body? ALBUMIN 60% يساعد على التخثر : proteins -complement -Fibrinogen : the main protein for clotting.

6 # albumin has a major role in regenerating oncotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure >> الزم يكون بينهم اتزان حتى ما تطلع المي لبرا وتسبب adema -Usually we don t need to do fixation to blood نحن نعمل fixation لل blood عشان نشوف WBC's + RBC's بأنواعها المختلفه وال نحتاج staining *ولكن اذا اردنا التمييز بين انواع WBC's المختلفه نحتاج staining When we visualize a sample of blood the majority of blood smear will be RBC's and scattered WBC's The RBC is thick in the rims and thin in the middle and because of the thick rims the rims will take more stain than the middle One of the major features of the functional RBC's out of the bone marrow is that it lack nucleus After one day of leaving the bone marrow RBC's have small amount of organelles and it lacks the nucleus so that it can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Erythrocytes are Erythroblasts but after the erythroblasts leave the bone marrow in one day they become functional erythrocytes If we see a nucleus in the RBC's this means a major problem WBC are nucleated RBC concave disk lacking organelles and most of things Only 15%of carbon dioxide is carried by the RBC's the rest is associated (acidobase) The environment needed for a proper function of RBC's is the isotonic environment not hypotonic or hypertonic The diameter of the RBC is 7-8 micro m and in the middle it is.5micro m and 2 micro m in the periphery

7 The biconcave disk increases the surface area for the exchange The number of RBC's is different between the male and female 0.5-1million The plasma membrane of the RBC is like other plasma membrane consists of phospholipids and the majority of proteins is the integral proteins but it contains peripheral proteins too The RBC's have glucose on the surface for the ABO system (the RBC may contain sugar A or sugar B or the two sugars together or even not carrying any sugar) When the RBC's where at the bone marrow(have nucleus ) they made all the proteins they need for their whole life cycle 120 days Lacking the nucleus means lacking of anything (synthesis) The RBC's do anaerobic respiration because they don t have mitochondria No nucleus -> can't repair damaged proteins ->cant squeeze it self thru narrow capillaries ->burst ->destroyed by the microphage -> the major component of the blood will be reused to make new RBC's (ferrous and some proteins ) The proteins important for the shape of the RBC are : Spectrin and ankyrin proteins When the spectrin is damaged at the end of the 120 days it is the end for the RBC The viscosity of the blood is three times the viscosity of the water Viscosity is associated with the number of cells in the blood More cells =more viscosity Hemoglobin binds to the oxygen reversibly but when it binds to CO it is not reversible The graveyard of the RBC's is the spleen where it contains tiny capillaries

8 We have polymorphic WBC's and monomorphic WBC's All the WBC's contain aspecific granules we call them azurophilic granules Is there granules in the A granulocyte? Yes All the WBC's contain lysosomes (non specific granules ) If the granule can be seen under the light microscope it is a specific granule and if not aspecific granule Unlike the RBC's the WBC's leave the blood circulation and enter cells when there is need (infection, damage ) and they will have false legs (biamiboid motion) usually engulfing organisms and then die because if that their life cycle is short 8 days Defense against invading organisms and repair of injury How the neutrophil reach the location of the injury? By attraction by chemotactic motion (the foreign body secrete toxins that is a signal for the RBC's to come) The movement of the RBC's is called diapedesis The A granulocyte there is no specific granules (lymphocyte and monocyte ) Granulocyte contains specific granule and azurophilic granules(lysosomes) Neutronphil their vesicles are very tiny and don t take any color Eosinophils the vesicles take the eosin (pink color) Basophil the vesicles take the basic dye (yellowish vesicles) Code for the number of the RBC's Not=neutrophil almost 66% of the WBC's(polymorphic segmented nucleus 3-5 segments and usually the old neutrophil have a larger number of segments 5-6 in the old neutrophils and abundance of small

9 specific granules that didn t take stain and if it didn t engulf anything it will die by anatosis) Let =lymphocyte Monkey =monocyte Eat =eosinophil 2-4% (contains specific and aspecific granules and the specific ones their vesicles take the eosin stain (pink)the nucleus is binucliated 2 segments and the major protein in them is the major basic proteins And the function of them is when there is a parasitic infection or if there is allergy it can engulf the whole complex of the antigen and the antibody banana =basophil the least major component of the WBC's (there is a lot of specific granules that take the basic dye and the major content for this granule is the histamine and the heparin(which making those cells take the basic dye the basophils and the mast cells contain the IGE the mast cells and the basophils are very imilar in the structure and the function but the mast cells is in the connective tissue but the basophils are in the blood esionphilic chemiotactic factor signal to the eosinophil to engulf the basophil has a segmented nucleus and the intense basophlia of the granules obscure the vision Note : Slides are not included so please refer back to them cause this sheet includes only what doctor said at lecture. we apologize for any scientific, grammatical, or spelling mistakes, and please report if any were found. Best of Luck~

BLOOD RUNS THROUGH YOUR BODY

BLOOD RUNS THROUGH YOUR BODY WORKSHEET A Your heart and blood vessels make up your blood system. At the centre of your blood system is your heart. Its job is to pump the blood around your body. The rest