Rarity, conservation, importance and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the greek flora

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1 Rarity, conservation, importance and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the greek flora Iatrou G., Kokkalou E. in Heywood V.H. (ed.), Skoula M. (ed.). Identification of wild food and non-food plants of the Mediterranean region Chania : CIHEAM Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n pages Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l adresse : To cite this article / Pour citer cet article Iatrou G., Kokkalou E. Rarity, conservation, importance and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the greek flora. In : Heywood V.H. (ed.), Skoula M. (ed.). Identification of wild food and non-food plants of the Mediterranean region. Chania : CIHEAM, p (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 23)

2 OF G. E. *University of of Biology, Patra, **Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Thess+oniki, FLOE, not of a is the aim of the HeZZenica has in the publication of 10 will be the of the since that of & Tm botanical to date, the of plant taxa is 6310 species and subspecies (c.5500 species). This is the all the of size. Tiiis can be a total of c.1500 species in the United iwice that of to a total 2f c.3500 species in ( km ), ( km ), ( km ) combined, with an five times that of most is the fact that a of mountain peaks in slopes in any of the islets of small populations. The of taxa, is % of the total unpublished), although an (1986) was only 1225 taxa. This and of the especially in endemic taxa, may be exdplained by the following (1) The eventful 1959, 1963, 1966)that the of the the the of isolated of biotopes with a special ecology. All of the the of plant taxa and

3 also to the (2) The of with: closest influence two main plant - that of the of the SouthAegean. This the still in the land (b) of a it must be of by the glaciations that addition to the it is taxa new of the last 25 the (S. ( & Tzanoudakis 1995). 92/43 of the of the Plant species directives Of the of a is found in a a few of iminent fact that oc@ 35 taxa listed and commented on in Annex Comments and statistics of 92/43, zre i= fict 39: one Eryophyte, two 2nd the Spsmatcphytes, These 39 taxa of the total 43 tzxz listed, t!x whole in Amex O plmt species list. 26 of them of the of (162), and 13 of the of the is of the above 39 taxa subendemic and the (E), 14 to be and the of The to emphasise that continuous of the populations and also the status of these plant taxa. We have also species listed in Annex of the code no 1682 and named Thymus cephalotos a listed amongst the it is a synonym of Coridothymus cupitutus the common thyme which is the of all the in Annex is a Thymus lotocephalos Lopez & a the of the, included in Annex of the if this is the of the of its The of by humans, the the endemic plants, so a of 12% -15%

4 of the total plants could be and this is quite the of the 39 plants listed in living in such in indigenous plants, the uniqueness of the since ancient times, and came to know uses, both food (eaten consumed cooking, use consumed Soon habitats, like the and the kfka S.W. the the mountains of S Olympus in Thessaly and the Vikos S.W. ; became famous not only because of local endemics) but also the medicinal uses that most of the unique plants possessed. is to Theophastus that we owe the the medicinal uses of the wild plants, it is ilso well hown Eioscorides hd sedied, and classified than 500 wild plants that had effects on illnesses of the human body. like peonies spp.), (HeZZeborus spp.),henbane (fiyoscyamus spp.),hemlock (Conium mcculctum), ofjicinalis), (Colchicurn autumnale), (Hypericurn spp.), just a few of the well known wild plants used as medicaments since antiquity in use even today. the a the of Vikos-Aoos (Zagori) that use, has been initiated. The of local plants in the local active eventoday. & 1992). A systematic of plants as shown at the Table 1 (Vokou et al. 1993). The table shows the uses of the plants the of the body and specific effects to evaluate the The main of compounds: alkaloids, saponins, et al. 1996)and essential 114 taxa havebeen examined in total and 53 taxa have been found to contain saponins; it should be noted that in taxa the of saponins time. 46 taxa contained alkaloids while the of time in 27 taxa. 23 taxa had both saponins and alkaloids. The essential oil content of 29 taxa the families Larniuceue and Asteraceae has been estimated. been found in 66 taxa (Shinoda test) time. This the main of compounds will continue in that maintain the use of plants

5 mant TO Adiantum capillus-veneris Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin fragilis campylopoda (C.A. & Hypericum perforatum aqurifolium Lumium album Urtica dioica, also Against pleurisy Sambucus nigra Sideritis raeseri & Verbascum phlonloides Emollient and expectorant Acanthus balcanicus Agrimonia eupatoria Ceterack oflcìnarum Cydonia oblonga Hedera helix Hypericum perforaturn Lamium album Orchis Ophrys sp. lanceolafa biîuminosa Sambucus nigra Teucrium polium Verbascum phlomoides Viola odorata coughs and colds Aesculzcs hippocostirnum Althaea officinalis Chamomilla recutita () Orchis sp. Ophrys sp. Salvia sclarea Sambucus nìgra Sideritis raeseri & Tìlia tomentosa also & Other uses Chelidonium majus, Digitalis lanata pneumonia Salvia oficinalis : against infections of Tanacetum parthenium () infections Cardiovascular svstem ailments and blood diseases Blood cleaning spinosa Salvia scbreo Taravacuna ofici~ak Aescdus hippacastirmm Teucrium chamuedrys Urtica dioica Against haemorrboids Aesculus hippocastmum also Aristolochia clematitis, also stimulates blood Ceterach oficinarum Cichorium intybus Sedum acre Taraxacum officinale Teucrium chamaedrys Agairrst asthma Juniperus oxycedrus E. sp. subsp. campylopoda & Against bronchitis Althaea oficiizak Against thrombosis Hedera helix Teucrium polium Against spleen complaints Acer pseudoplatanus Ceterach oficinarum 68

6 Against hypertension Sedum acre Teucrium polium Urtica dioica anaemia Achillea millefolium, also as antispasmodic of bleeding Leonurus cardiaca L,, also Urtica dioica Other liases Agrimonia eupatoria : phlebitis Chamomilla recutita () Chelidonium mjus Crataegus monogyna function Dictamnus albus : Digitdis lanata sbulaîes oficinalis : Origanum vulgare E.: ag~.nst Sambucus nigru : s-vsterr: dmeexts Gentiana sp. Verbascum phlomoides pai~s Against diarrhoea and dysentry Aesculus hippocastanum Althaea officinalis Chamomilla recutita () Cornus rms Cydonia oblonga, also as emetic Leonurus cardiaca Origanum vulgare also in stomach inflammations Salvia oficinalis Sambucus nigra Urtica dioica Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Cichorium intybus Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Daphne laureola Franzula rupestris Fraxinus ornus Globularia alypum Hedera helix Helleborus cyclophyllus Sedum acre, also stimulates the digestive system Sambucus nigra Viola odorata Anthelminthie Adiantunz capillus veneris, also in intestinal complaints Artemisia absinfhium Buxus sempervìrens Casianea sativa Ceterach oficinarum Dictamnus albus Gentiana sp. Hedera helix Helleborru cycbphylhcs 3ypericum peqh-atum Hyssopus ofsicinalis Jirnipems oxycedms sp. E. Valeriana ofjicinalis Stimulating appetites Agrimonia eupatoria Sm. oficinalis Valeriam oficinalis For indigestion Acanthus balcanicus & also in inflammations of the digestive system Agrimonia eupatoria Artemisia absinthium Charnomilla recutita () Centazuea cyanus vulgare also stomach and intestine weakness nobilis Salvia oficinalis

7 Sideritis raeseri & Tanacetum partheniurn () Schultz Taraxacum oficinale Against abdominal pains Achillea millefolium Chamomilla recutita () Teucrium polium Against stomach aches and eliseases Chelidonium majus Cichorium intybus Contum maculatum oficinalis Sisymbrium oficinale () Scop. Tanacetum parthenium () Schultz Teucrium polium Antiemetic E. Other uses Ceterach oficinarum complaints Calystegia sepium () digestive system Digitalis lanata Eh~h.: Acer pseudoplatanus Agrimania eupaioria Salvia oficinalis Jaundice Artemisia Absinthium Gentiana sp. sp. Chelidonium majus Chamomilla recutita () Chelidonium majus, epidemic hepatitis Urtica dioica, also Urinarv svstem comdaints Arctostaphylos uva-ursi () Gould. Lamium album stomach of the Salvia oficinalis Teucrium polium Solidago virgaurea E. Agrimonia eupatoria Alliaria petiolata & Asparagus acutifolius Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Ceterach ofleinarum Cichorium intybus Chelidonium majus Dictamnus albus Digitalis lanata Franguh rupzstris Fraxinus omus Fumaria oficinalis Hypericum perforatum.hniperus oxycedrus sp. spinosa Saivir! sclarea Sambucus nigra Sedum acre Sisymbrium ojvcinale () Scop. Solidago virgaurea Teucrium polium Urtica dioica Verbascum phlomoides Viola odorata Capsella bursa pastoris () Ceterach oficinarum complaints Cichorium intybus Fraxinus urinary system infections Hypericum perforatum Juniperus oxycedrus prostate complaints E. Other uses Cydonia oblonga also in incontinence of cystitis also in

8 Taraxacum ofsicinale Female genital complaints Capsella bursa-pastoris () Dictamnus albus Solidago virgaurea Emmenagogue Acer pseudoplatanus E. Aristolochia clematitis Bryoizia cretica subsp. dioica (Sacq.) Tutin, also in swellings of genital glands Hedera helix Helleborus cyclophyllus Lamium album E. Leonurus cardiaca sp. E. Tanacetum parthenium () Schultz Valeriana ofsicinalis of wounds Acanthus bulcanicus & also on sweilings Alliaria petiolata & also on scalds Aristolochia clematitis, also in inflammations, swellings Althaea officinalis Aristolochia clematitis Chamomilla recutita () Fraxinus ornus Gemiana sp. Helleborus cyclophyllus also also on scalds, Hypericum perjoratum, also on fistulae Salvia oficinalis, Salvia sclarea Teucrium polium, also against inflammations Urtica dioica, also on swellings Verbascum phlomoides Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Sedm acre Teucrium polium Sirin diseases Agrimonia eupatoria Aesculus hippocastanum Asparagus acutifolius (swellings) Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Chelidonium majus Clematis vitalba Conium maculatum E. (swellings, skin Daphne laureola Helleborus cyclophyllus Juniperus oxycedrus Laurus nobilis, also on swellings pusilla Sm. Samnbucus nigra (swellings) Solidago virgaurea (on freckles and Viola odorata Helleborus cyclophyllus. Ag&& hysteria ChamorniDa remtita (T-.) Laurus nobilis E. Valeriana officinalis, light me!aecho!y Artemisia absin.thirdm Valeriana oficinalis Against d a Lamium album Digitalis lanata Against insoda Lamium album Nervous diseases Against neuralgia Chamomilla recutita ()

9 Leonurus cardiaca Taraxacum ofsicinale Valeriana sp. Verbascum phlomoides Against epilepsy Conium macdatum Leonurus cardiaca Valeriana oficinalis Against vertigo Achillea millefolium Coniurd maculatum Other uses Origanum vulgare system Urtica dioica : Fever Adiantum capillus-ven.eris Alliaria petiolata Aristolochia dematitis Charnomilla mxti?a () Hedera helix & Chamomilla recutita () Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Chelidonium tnajus also as topical anaesthetic Cornus Foeniculum vulgare Lactuca serriola Laurus nobilis oficinalis Salix alba Sambucus nigra Sideritis roesevi & (slight!y Tanaceturn parthenium () Schultz Valeriana oficinalis Against toothache Conium maculatlcm also Daphne laureola Helleborus cyclophyllus E. Origanum vulgare gruveolens Salvia oficinalis Sambucus nigra Sideritis raeseri & Tanaceturn parthenium () Schultz Against earache Achillea ;;zillcfolium oficinalis Against headaches Taraxacum oficinale Valeriana oficinalis also fever 2nd malaria Artemisia absinthium Chamomilla recutita Cornus mas Fraxinus ornus Gentiana sp. Salk alba Salvia ofsicinalis uambucus nigra Teucrium chamaedrys Teucrium polium Valeriana oficinalis Verbascum phlomoides puerperal fever Aristolochia clematitis Chamomilla recutita () Acanthus balcanicus Acer pseudoplatanus Achillea millefolium Adiantum capillus-veneris Alliaria petiolata Aristolochia clematitis Artemisia absinthium L, Buxus sempervirens Chamorrilla recutita digestive system) Chelidonium majus Cichorium inzybus Dictamnus albus & & (of the

10 Foeniculum vulgare Fraxinus Fumaria oficinalis Helleborus cyclophyllus Juniperus oxycedrus Laums nobilis sp. oficinalis (of Origanum vulgare Sambucus nigra Sideritis raeseri & Tanacetum parthenium () Schultz Taraxacum oficinale Teucrium chamaedrys Teucrium polium Vaieriana officinalis (especially of the Viola odorata Veneresal diseases Against gonorrhoea Arctostaphylos uva-ursi () Tilia tomenl'osa Against syphilis Daphrte hureola Sedum acre E. Against leucorrhoea Lamium album spinosa and infections diseases Tuberculosis Achillea millefulium Aesculus hippocastanum Agrimonia eupatoria Digitalis lanata Lamium album Teucrium polium Valeriana officinalis Antiseptic Arctostaphybs uva ursi () Hypericum pegoraturn Salvia oficinalis, also in mouth infections Teucrium polium whooping-cough Hypericumpe$oratum Against eye infections and inflammations Sm. Viola odorata Other uses Charnomilla recutita () mouth infections Dictamnus albus : epidemic diseases : against smallpox : Sambuclcs nigra against influenza Vitamiun deficiencies Fragaria vesca Against SCU~VY Alliaria petiolaia & Sisymbrium oficinale () Scop. Against rachitis Various other xneeciicind uses rheumatism arthritis Aesculus h@pocostanltm Aspclragus acubifiolius Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Casianea sativa Cichorium intybus Daphne laureola Fragaria vexa Fraxinus ornus Hedera helix Juniperus oxycedrus oficinalis Origanum vulgare Salvia officinalis Sambucus nigra Solidago virgaurea Tanacetum parthenium () Schultz, also on Taraxacum ofsicilaale Teucrium chamaedrys Verbascum phlomaides As astringent Agrimonia eupatoria 73

11 Capsella bursa pastoris () Cornus mus, Cydonia oblonga Fraxinus Hedera helix Hypericum peiforatum Hyssopus offcinalis Lamium album Laurus nobilis puticosus Salvia oficinalis Teucrium polium Verbascum phlomoides Agaìmt dlropsy Artemisia absinthium Asparagus acutifolius Capsella bursa pastoris () Digitalis lanata Juniperus oxycedrus On sore eyes Chamomi&z recutita () Foeniculum vulgare &!via sclarea Sambu,cus nigrc As insecticide diabetes Salvia offcinalis Other uses: Coronilla vana : Corylus avellana : against snake bites Animal diseases Animal colics Aesculus hippocastanum Ceterach oficinarum used Other uses Helleborus cyclopyllus : to animals in case of ~~iii Non-medicinal uses As a dye Althaea oficinalis Sambuczrs nigra E. 74

12 tis nisou Chronika ie-ist, N : E., S. & E Alkaloid md saponin of plants the Vikos-Aoos national Scientific Congess of the E. in the of Vikos-Aoos of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki G Comments and statistics on annex ii 93/43 the of & al. (eds), Natura 2000 for Greece. G. & to the knowledge and the of of A case of a Allium ritsii & Ttzanoudakis Abstracts 17th SC. Con. Hel. Soc. Biol. Sc. ( unpublished). The status of the endemicflora of Greece. G Cormibution to the study endemism of theflora of Thesis, of 310 Gyro apo tin palaeogeographia tis & The of medicinal plants in Journal 37: A The Bot. Chron. 10: W.B the plant-life. & S Ethnolbotanical (Epims, a of folk medicine in the past, Journal ethnophannacology 39, , 75