Tamil Nadu Veterinary And Animal Sciences University Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry,

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1 Tamil Nadu Veterinary And Animal Sciences University Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Veterinary Hospital Campus, Trichy Road, Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India.

2 TAMIL NADU VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY DIRECTORATE OF CENTRE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH STUDIES, CHENNAI-51 ETHNO VETERINARY PRACTICES FOR BACKYARD POULTRY Compiled by M.Sakthi Priya, Assistant Professor, (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology) T. R. Gopala Krishna Murthy, Professor and Head, (Veterinary Microbiology) Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Veterinary Hospital Campus, Trichy Road, Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India.

3 IMPORTANCE OF ETHNO VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ETHNO VETERINARY PRACTICES FOR BACKYARD POULTRY M. Sakthi Priya and T. R. Gopala Krishna Murthy Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Namakkal Ethno Veterinary Medicine (EVM) is one of the indigenous systems of medicine to prevent and treat different disease conditions in livestock and poultry since ancient times mainly by using medicinal herbs and organic materials. In poultry treatment, ethno-veterinary practices have gained importance recently because these practices are much less prone to drug resistance and have fewer damaging side-effects on the surrounding environment than conventional medicine. The essential therapeutic tools used in conventional medicine include chemical compounds extracted from plants, animals or microorganisms and used either in raw or purified form. Herbal products have gained increasing popularity in the last decade, and are now used by approximately 20% of the population. Herbal products are complex mixtures of organic chemicals that may come from any raw or processed part of a plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, roots, and seeds. Importance of EVM The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemical drugs in organized poultry farms poses the problem of antibiotic resistance. This is considered by health scientists to be the major social issue next to global warming. Besides, European Union banned the use of antibiotic growth promoter in poultry farming operations and the days are not far off to completely ban the use of antibiotic growth promoter in India for which the industry should be ready with a viable alternate. World Health organization and many international Institutions are showing deep concern to this issue and recommending researchers to go for a viable ecofriendly alternative to antibiotics with lesser or no harmful effects. Ethno veterinary medicine using medicinal herbs/herb spices provide immense potential as an alternative to antibiotics and synthetic drugs and they are employed widely in pharmaceutical companies, cosmetics and in food industry. But unfortunately these are being less utilized by the poultry industry.

4 Advantages of EVM It provides poultry health care at farmer s door step making it farmers friendly. It provides cost effective treatment in poultry using locally available herbs when compared to western medicines. It reduces the risk of residues in animal products It minimizes the antibiotic usage thereby aids to prevent antibiotic resistance. It helps to preserve the indigenous technical knowledge for sustainable usage. It helps to preserve the medicinal herbs biodiversity. It provides herbal intervention for treatment of some viral diseases such as Newcastle disease and Fowl pox disease in poultry. Use of herbs in the ethno veterinary practices Plants are the most commonly used ingredients in the preparation of ethno veterinary medicines. All parts of the plants, including leaves, bark, fruits, flowers, seeds are used in medicinal preparations. At present over 35,000 plants are known to have healing properties. Atleast 1,00,000 species of plants are used by humans as food, medicine, fibre, fuel, oils, shelter, poisons, intoxicants, ornamentals and other purposes. By virtue of specialized biochemical capabilities, plants synthesize and accumulate a vast array of primary and secondary metabolites/chemicals. For reasons both cultural and economical, 75 % of the world s population depends on medicines from plants. Of the proprietary medicines in the western market, 35 % are phytic in origin; however these medicines are derived from less than 0.1 % of known plant species. So far, more than 100,000 biologically active secondary plant compounds have been isolated from higher plants, these diverse structures falling into four main chemical classes. The phenolics (phenols, flavonoids, quinones, tannins and lignins), terpenoids (monoterpenes, lactones, diterpenes, saponins and others), sulphur compounds (glucosilates, disulphides and acetylenic thiophenes) and nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, amines, non-protein aminoacids and cyanogenetic glycosides). Certain organic acids and polyacetylenes are also known to exist. Mode of action of herbs The action of medicinal herbs is considered to be due to plant secondary metabolites. Plant secondary metabolites are terms used for more than 30,000 different substances which are exclusively produced by plants. The plants form secondary metabolites for protection against

5 pests, as coloring, scent or attractants and as the plants own hormones. Secondary metabolites carry out a number of protective functions in the human body. Plant secondary metabolites boost immune system, protect the body from free radicals and kill pathogenic germs and much more. The role of certain important phytochemicals is as follows; Flavanoids This large group of phytochemicals includes more than 1500 separate compounds with varied functions. Flavanoids enhance the effects of vitamin C and function as antioxidants. They are also known to be biologically active against liver toxins, tumours, viruses and other microbes, allergies and inflammation. They protect our blood vessels especially the tiny capillaries that carry oxygen and nutrients to our cells and are believed to slow down the development of cataracts in persons who have diabetes. Phyto-Oestrogens These are naturally occurring plant compounds that structurally resemble mammalian oestrogen. They copy or counteract the effect of oestrogen in the body. Consumption of Isoflavone, a phyto-oestrogen, is associated with cancer prevention, improved cardiovascular health and improved bone health. Phytosterols Phytosterols are plant sterols that occur in most plant species but appear to be most abundant in the seeds of green and yellow vegetables. They are important in the human diet because they help to reduce the amount of dietary cholesterol absorbed by the body by blocking uptake in the intestine. Carotenoids These are plant pigments found in bright yellow, orange and red fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids are generally well known as vitamin A precursors, meaning that once ingested, the body converts the compounds into vitamin A. The vitamin A precursors as well as other carotenoids such as gamma carotene, lycopene and lutein have been shown to be protective against lung, breast, uterine, colorectal and prostate cancer. Saponins: Saponins and flavor additives which boost the immune system lower the cholesterol levels in the blood and reduce the risk of intestinal cancer.

6 Terpenes: Terpenes are plant flavours. e.g. The menthol in peppermint oil or the essential oils in herbs or spices. Terpenes decrease the risks of cancer. Sulphides: Sulphides inhibit the growth of bacteria, lower cholesterol levels, protect the body from free radicals and have preventive effects against cancer. Alkaloids: Alkaloids are a member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Many alkaloids possess potent pharmacologic effects. Alkaloids include cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffeine, morphine, pilocarpine, atropine, methamphetamine, mescaline, ephedrine, and tryptamine. Use of Common Herbs/ Herb Spices in Poultry Farms S. Herb/ Herb spices Purpose Dose No 1. Turmeric Growth Promoter 1 kg per tonne of chick feed 1-2 kg per tonne of chick and grower feed 1 kg per tonne of broiler feed Wing rot 1-2 kg per tonne of feed with garlic Fowl pox Turmeric and neem paste for external application Respiratory conditions 1-2 kg per tonne of feed 2. Garlic Feed supplement Chick feed upto 4 kg per tonne Layer feed up to 8 kg per tonne Spray in vv ND 5 10 ml of extract in one Litre of water for spray Breeder male Top dressing with garlic pieces for breeder male 3. Small onion Growth promoter 1 kg per tonne of chick feed 4. Neem leaves Fowl pox Turmeric and neem paste for external application 5. Neem oil Fly control As spray on litter in poultry farms

7 6. Dried neem fruit Immuno stimulant 0.5 to 1 kg per tonne of (Azadirachta indica) poultry feed 7. Amla (Emblica officinalis) Antistress 1 kg per tonne of poultry feed during summer 8. Lemon Antistress Lemon juice added in water during summer 9. Betel leaves Gout Dose to be fixed. 10. Areca (Areca catechu) Against tapeworm half nut per bird 11. Green chirata Dewormer 4-5 kg dried per tonne of feed once in 2-3 months 12. Aloe vera Coccidiosis Vasambu External parasites 10 sticks - Powder it and mix it with 5 lt of water for dipping 14. Keelanelli (Phyllanthus sp) Liver stimulant and 0.5 kg per tonne of feed hepatoprotective 15. Eclipta alba Liver stimulant and 0.5 kg per tonne of feed hepatoprotective 16. Pepper (Piper nigrum) CRD Respiratory distress 17. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves 18. Siriyanangai (Andrographis paniculata) Respiratory problems Growth promoter 5g per bird for 5-6 times per days orally for 3-5 days 50g per bird for 5-6 times per days orally for 3-5 days Dewormer 400g per 75kg of feed 19. Panchakavya General growth promoter Immunostimulant 20. Touch-me-not plant leaves General disease with cow milk conditions 1 ml / bird b.i.d Dose to be fixed. 21. Purasanthalai External parasites Dose to be fixed. 22. Erukka elai External parasites Dose to be fixed.

pieces - 5 pieces Grind the above ingredients and make it into small balls and administer.

8 Commonly used Ethno Veterinary recipie in poultry ailments S.No Disease condition Ethno Veterinry Recipie 1 Ranikhet Disease Treatment : Cumin seeds - 10 g Pepper Turmeric - 5g - 5g Phyllanthus amarus 50g Small onion Garlic - 5 pieces - 5 pieces Grind the above ingredients and make it into small balls and administer. 2 Fowl Pox Treatment : External application Turmeric - 10g Neem leaves - Tulsi 50g - 50g Garlic - 5 pieces Cumin seeds - 20g Camphor - 5g Neem oil/castor oil ml Grind the above preparations, mix with warm neem oil and apply externally. Internal application Cumin seeds - 10g Pepper - 5g Grind the above preparation. Neem Tulsi - 10leaves - 10 leaves

Garlic - 5 pieces Turmeric - 5g Grind the above preparations and mix with rice grains

3 Respiratory Infections Treatment : Prophylactic: Turmeric 150g/75 kg of feed Tulsi

panniculata (Nilavembu) powder at the rate of 400g per 75kg of feed once in two months

5 Tape worms Areca catechu (Areca nuts) half nut per bird can be administered once in

9 Garlic - 5 pieces Turmeric - 5g Grind the above preparations and mix with rice grains and administer for 3-5 days. 3 Respiratory Infections Treatment : Prophylactic: Turmeric 150g/75 kg of feed Tulsi 10g/75 kg of feed Curative Tulsi 40g/75 kg of feed 4 Round worms Andrographis panniculata (Nilavembu) powder at the rate of 400g per 75kg of feed once in two months duration can control roundworms. 5 Tape worms Areca catechu (Areca nuts) half nut per bird can be administered once in two months to control tapeworms. 6 Ectoparasite 10 vasambu sticks can be soaked and ground and diluted in 5 litres of water and the affected birds can be dipped in the water to get rid of the ectoparasites.

7 Coccidiosis Aloe vera inner material one piece can be added to the

8 Hepatitis Grind 50grams of Eclipta prostata (karisilanganni) powder and

prevent heat stress or one amla can be ground into fine pieces or made into

10 Debility Turmeric at the rate of 75g per 75 kg of feed can be added to

10 7 Coccidiosis Aloe vera inner material one piece can be added to the drinking water for 3 to 5 days to prevent the disease condition. 8 Hepatitis Grind 50grams of Eclipta prostata (karisilanganni) powder and keelanelli powder and add to the feed or add keelanelli directly to the drinking water. 9 Heat stress Lemon juice can be added to water during summer season to prevent heat stress or one amla can be ground into fine pieces or made into fine powder and added in feed or water to prevent heat stress. 10 Debility Turmeric at the rate of 75g per 75 kg of feed can be added to enhace the growth in desi birds. 11 To improve breeding effeciency Garlic one piece can be sliced and added on to the feed to improve breeding performance during the bredding season.

12 Unhygienic environment Vasambu 5 sticks can be soaked in water overnight, ground and diluted with 5 litres of water and sprayed in the shed which will act as a general

14 Fly menace 30 ml Neem oil can be mixed in 1 litre of water and can be sprinkled in the shed to prevent house fly menace.

11 12 Unhygienic environment Vasambu 5 sticks can be soaked in water overnight, ground and diluted with 5 litres of water and sprayed in the shed which will act as a general disinfectant. 13 Wing Rot Turmeric and garlic can be added at the rate of 75geach /75 kg of feed for 10 days to reduce the disease condition. 14 Fly menace 30 ml Neem oil can be mixed in 1 litre of water and can be sprinkled in the shed to prevent house fly menace. Major constraints of EVM Sustainability of herbal material. Seasonal variation in availability of herbs. Lack of scientific validation of traditional medicines. Lack of readymade preparations. Increased involvement of labour and time consuming.

12 CONTACT DETAILS ETHNO VETERINARY HERBAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR POULTRY NAMAKKAL Address Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Veterinary Hospital Campus, Trichy Road, Namakkal Phone

13 Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Veterinary Hospital Campus, Trichy Road, Namakkal Office: ; E mail : evhrcp@tanuvas.org.in

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