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1 Not for Cittion or Puliction Without Consent of the Author AN AUTOMATED SEX PHEROMONE TRAP FOR MONITORING ADULT CM AND OFM AND THE INFLUENCE OF TRAP COLOR ON MOTH AND NON-TARGET CAPTURES Brin L. Lehmn 1, Lrry A. Hull 1, Johnny Prk 2, Germn Holguin 2, nd Vincent P. Jones 3 1 Penn Stte Fruit Reserch & Extension Center, Biglerville, PA Purdue University, School of Electricl & Computer Engineering, West Lfyette, IN Wshington Stte University Tree Fruit & Extension Center, Wentchee, WA Insect monitoring cn provide importnt informtion out the presence nd density of specific popultions of insects llowing for etter timing nd/or restriction of pesticide pplictions to reduce mteril nd lor costs. Automtion of insect trpping hs the potentil to further reduce lor costs y limiting the time nd trvel costs ssocited with this process. An utomted, electronic sex pheromone prototype trp ws designed nd tested in the field in 2009 to monitor dult codling moth (CM), Cydi pomonell (L.) nd orientl fruit moth (OFM), Grpholit molest (Busck), two mjor insect pests in tree fruit orchrds throughout the U.S. Becuse color is known to ffect trp selectivity, we performed studies to exmine the effect of different colors of ucket style funnel trps (herefter referred to s ucket trp) on oth dult moth nd non-trget insect cptures. While there re wys to use the electronic signl nd the time of cpture to limit flse positive counts, we wnted to minimize the need for using those techniques y eliminting s mny non-trget ctches s possile. Towrds this end, five different trp comintions were tested for oth CM nd OFM in Biglerville, PA (Penn Stte University [PSU]), nd for only CM in Quincy, WA (Wshington Stte University [WSU]): two delt-type trps tht were either ornge or white (current stndrds), nd three ucket style funnel trps tht were pinted ornge, green, or white. At WSU, third delt-type trp tht ws mde of cler cette ws lso tested. We tested the two trp types ecuse delt trps re the current industry stndrd for monitoring oth CM nd OFM, ut they re not suitle for housing the electronic components for the utomted trps. Thus, we were compring the moth trpping efficiency of the ucket trps nd the delt trps. All trps in the color study were checked weekly, the numer of moths ws counted, nd the numer of non-trget species ws counted nd ctegorized. An insecticidl strip (Vportpe II) ws plced in the ottom of ll ucket trps to stun nd kill the moths s they entered the funnel portion of the trp. In ddition to the color trp study, t oth PSU nd WSU we field tested 15 electronic prototype trps developed y engineers t Purdue University. The electronic trps were uilt using commercilly ville ucket trps nd fitted with micro-controller unit powered y 1.5V lkline or NiMH rechrgele tteries. Four infrred (IR) emitters nd four IR detectors lining the ucket trp funnel llowed for detection of insects pssing through the funnel. Trps were lso equipped with n internl clock tht enled users to set strt nd end operting times

2 to reduce flse positive counts from non-trget insects nd conserve ttery power. The electronic trp prototypes were tested in the field with stndrd (control) ucket trps in order to compre moth cpture rtes. The electronic nd stndrd CM ucket trps were modified y removing the circulr top of the ucket trp nd securing n ornge plstic delt trp (no sticky liner) to the top of the ucket funnel. OFM trps were not modified in this mnner until three weeks efore the study ended. Codling moth trps t PSU nd WSU were set to operte from 1700 hrs until 2200 hrs. Orientl fruit moth trps t PSU were set to operte from 1600 hrs until 2100 hrs nd were lter chnged to operte from 1400 hrs until 2100 hrs. All CM nd OFM trps were checked dily from mid-aug. until mid-sep., while OFM trps were checked dily until erly Oct. Dt from the color trp study t WSU showed dult CM cpture in ornge ucket trps ws similr to the numer of moths cptured in white or ornge delt trps (Fig. 1). For nontrget cptures, the white ucket nd white delt trps cught the most lrge non-trget insects (e.g., ees, eetles, flies, etc.), while the ornge ucket trps did not ctch significntly more thn the ornge delt, which cught the lest numer of lrge non-trget insects. At PSU, the ornge ucket trps cptured fewer CM dults thn either the white or ornge delt trps (pproximtely 25% cpture of ornge delt trp); however, the ornge ucket trp cptured numericlly more moths thn either the green or white ucket trps (Fig. 2A). For non-trget cptures, the white ucket nd the white delt trp cptured the gretest numer of lrge nontrget orgnisms, while the ornge nd green ucket nd ornge delt trps cptured the fewest non-trget orgnisms over the course of the study (Fig. 2B). For OFM, the green nd ornge uckets cptured similr numers of OFM dults, ut their cpture rte over the seson ws significntly lower thn the white nd ornge delt trps (Fig. 3A). The cpture rte of the green nd ornge uckets ws pproximtely 80% lower thn the respective delt trps. For non-trget cptures, there were no differences mong ny trp types nd colors over the seson, ut the ornge ucket nd ornge delt trp cptured numericlly the fewest lrge non-trget orgnisms (Fig. 3B). Since the ornge ucket trp cptured similr or greter numer of CM nd OFM dults thn the other ucket colors nd lower numer of non-trget cptures, the ornge ucket ws selected to house the prototype electronic components. The electronic-equipped nd non-electronic (stndrd) ucket trps were plced in PSU orchrd hevily infested with CM nd OFM on 17 Aug. nd the study continued until 18 Sep. for CM nd 8 Oct. for OFM. A totl of 420 moths were cught, 17 of which were CM nd 403 were OFM. The stndrd trps cptured out twice s mny moths (CM nd OFM comined) s the electronic trps (Fig. 4). Of the 17 CM dults cptured, ll were cught in stndrd trps. At WSU, totl of 18 CM dults were cptured, 17 in the non-electronic trps nd 1 in the electronic trps. A closer evlution of the dt showed tht the one moth cught in the electronic trps occurred on night when ttery fell out of the holder, so the results from PSU nd WSU oth showed tht no CM were cptured in functioning electronic trps. Ultrsonic wves produced y the clock mechnism inside the trps re suspected of deterring the moths, prticulrly CM, s they pproch the trp. Other initil oservtions included the prototype electronic trps often recorded more events thn the numer of insects cptured nd less frequently cptured insects tht were not recorded s events. In ddition, wind tunnel studies t WSU using cler cette ucket trps showed tht moths cn fly up nd down the funnel where the sensors re locted in the electronic trps for up to 3 minutes efore the insecticidl kill

3 strip took effect. Even though the sensors were progrmmed to hve 10 second dely efore second event could e recorded, moths flying through the sensor pth multiple times my lso hve contriuted to flsely recorded events. The trps lso occsionlly produced surge tht ws recorded s n event when the trps were initilly ctivted. Since the electricl components were sensitive to electronic noise, other flsely recorded events were likely due to low ttery voltge nd poor connections. Bsed upon the dt collected nd oservtions mde during this initil ttempt to develop n utomted, electronic monitoring trp for CM nd OFM in 2009, numer of mjor chnges to the design nd functionlity of this prototype trp will e mde efore the growing seson in Acknowledgments: The uthors wish to cknowledge the funding for portions of this study from the USDA Specilty Crop Reserch Inititive to Crnegie Mellon University (led institution) for the project Comprehensive Automtion for Specilty Crops. Fig. 1. Performnce of six different trp types/colors t cpturing codling moth (top) nd non-trget insects lrge enough to trigger the electronic trp sensor (ottom) during summer 2009 t commercil orchrd in Quincy, WA. OD = ornge delt, WD = white delt, CD = cler delt, OB = ornge ucket, GB = green ucket, WB = white ucket.

4 Green Bucket % Cpture of White LPD Ornge LPD (A) Ornge Bucket Std.-Ornge LPD Std.-White LPD Mn. Cumultive No. Codling Moth Adults Cptured Green Bucket Ornge Bucket (B) Std.-Ornge LPD Std.-White LPD Mn. Cumultive No. Non-trget Orgnisms Cptured Fig. 2. Cumultive sesonl cpture of dult codling moths (A) nd of non-trget insects (B) in three colors of ucket trps nd two colors of stndrd Lrge Plstic Delt (LPD) trps in Pennsylvni pple orchrds from 11 My to 8 Sep., The non-trget insects consisted primrily of honeyees, flies, coccinellid eetles, true ugs, etc.

5 Green Bucket Ornge Bucket % Cpture of White LPD Ornge LPD (A) Ornge LPD c White LPD c Green Bucket Ornge Bucket Ornge LPD White LPD Mn. Cumultive No. Orientl Fruit Moth Adults Cptured (B) Mn. Cumultive No. Non-trget Orgnisms Cptured Fig. 3. Cumultive sesonl cpture of dult orientl fruit moths (A) nd non-trget insects (B) in three colors of ucket trps nd two colors of stndrd Lrge Plstic Delt (LPD) trps in Pennsylvni pple orchrds from 11 My to 8 Sep., The non-trget insects consisted primrily of honeyees, flies, coccinellid eetles, true ugs, etc.

6 Fig. 4. Totl moth cptures (CM nd OFM) in stndrd trps compred to electronic trps from 18 Aug. to 8 Oct. Codling moth trps were plced in the field on 17 Aug. nd 26 Aug. for OFM. Trpping ended on 18 Sep. nd 8 Oct. for CM nd OFM, respectively.