Cyst Viability, Organ Distribution and Financial Losses due to Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughtered At Dessie Municipal Abattoir, North-eastern Ethiopia

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1 Vet. World, 2012, Vol.5(4): RESEARCH Cyst Vibility, Orgn Distribution nd Finncil Losses due to Hydtidosis in Cttle Slughtered At Dessie Municipl Abttoir, North-estern Ethiopi A Melku*, B Luks, B Bogle Bsic Veterinry Science Unit, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Gondr University, P.O. Box 196, Gondr, Ethiopi. * Corresponding uthor emil:chenefmel@yhoo.com Received: , Accepted: , Published Online: doi: /vetworld Abstrct A cross sectionl study ws conducted from October 2010 to Mrch 2011 to ssess the prevlence, cyst vibility, orgn distribution nd finncil losses of bovine hydtidosis in cttle slughtered t Dessie municipl bttoir. Postmortem inspection, cyst chrcteriztion nd finncil loss estimtions were conducted. Out of 610 inspected cttle, 83 (13.61%) were hrbouring single or multiple hydtid cysts. Significntly (P<0.05) higher infection rte ws observed in poor (22.89%) thn medium (12.99%) nd good (10.40%) body condition scorings but significnt vrition (P>0.05) ws not observed in different ge groups. Antomiclly, the cysts were distributed 68.67% in the lung, 14.46% in the liver, 6.02% in the kidneys, 1.2% in the hert nd 9.64% were found both in the lung nd liver. Of the totl exmined cysts (195) for fertility nd vibility, 27 (13.85%) were fertile, 44 (22.56%) were clcified, 124 (63.59%) were sterile. The rte of cyst clcifiction ws higher in the liver (78.14%) thn other orgns whilst the fertility percentge ws higher in the lung (14.65%). Of the totl 27 fertile cysts subjected to vibility test, 13 (6.67%) were vible. Size ssessment mde on 195 cysts indicted tht 153 (78.46%) were smll, 41 (21.03%) were medium nd one (0.51%) were lrge sized cysts. In the present study, the totl nnul economic loss from orgn condemntion nd crcss weight loss due to hydtidosis ws estimted s 681, Ethiopin birr which is bout United Sttes dollr per nnum bsed on the locl mrket prices in the study period. The result of this study reveled tht hydtidosis is n economiclly importnt disese of cttle which necessittes designing of pproprite strtegies for its control. Keywords: Hydtid cyst; Hydtidosis; Economic loss; Prevlence; Cttle; Ethiopi. To cite this rticle : Melku A, Luks B, Bogle B (2012) Cyst Vibility, Orgn Distribution nd Finncil Losses due to Hydtidosis in Cttle Slughtered At Dessie Municipl Abttoir, North-estern Ethiopi, Vet. World. 5(4): , doi: /vetworld Introduction The dult prsite produces eggs tht come with feces nd contminte the psture. The intermedite hosts, Hydtidosis, cused by the lrvl stges of tiny commonly herbivores ingest the egg while grzing nd tpeworm Echinococcus grnulosus, is serious then hydtid cysts develop in their body. Humn problem for both livestock nd public helth in mny beings suffer from the disese if exposed to the egg prt of the world. In livestock industry, it inflicts ccidentlly or consumed with contminted green enormous economic losses due to condemntion of food or wter (Hendrix nd Robinson, 2006). The edible orgns nd lowering the qulity nd quntity of definitive host is infected by ingestion of infected met, milk nd wool production (Crig et l., 2007; offls of herbivores. The infection rte to dogs is Froms nd Jobre, 2011). In humn, the cyst cn reside directly proportionl to the fertility of cysts (Urquhrt nd grow in liver, lung nd other viscerl orgns. The et l., 2003). So cyst chrcteriztion is importnt to pthogenecity of hydtidosis depends on the extent ssess the infectivity of the prsite. nd severity of infection nd the orgn on which it is Hydtidosis is one of the mjor cuses of orgn situted. Occsionl rupture of hydtid cysts often condemntion in most Ethiopin bttoirs nd leds to sudden deth due to nphylxis, hemorrhge,b,c slughter houses (Kebede et l., 2009 ; Tolos et l., nd metstsis (White et l., 2004; Getw et l., 2010). 2009; Getw et l., 2010; Froms nd Jobre, 2011) nd The prsite spends most of its dult life in the leds to huge economic losses. Humn cses of intestine of the definitive host, prticulrly in dogs. hydtidosis re frequently reported from different Veterinry World, Vol.5 No.4 April

2 Cyst Vibility, Orgn Distribution nd Finncil Losses due to Hydtidosis in Slughtered Cttle corner of the country (Biluts et l., 2006; Kebede et l., nd Hbel, 1989) s nimls less thn three yers old d 2009 ) nd the disese is much more common in the were not slughtered during the study period. Simple rurl res of Ethiopi where dogs nd domestic rndom smpling ws followed to select nimls for nimls live in very close ssocition (Froms nd smpling in the bttoir. Jobre, 2011). Despite these, the sttus of hydtidosis in Study design nd Methodology: A cross sectionl livestock nd the economic impct of the prsite were study on cttle hydtidosis ws conducted t Dessie not studied so fr in nd round Dessie. Therefore, the municipl bttoir. Postmortem inspection, cyst objectives of this study were to determine the chrcteriztion nd finncil loss estimtion were prevlence, cyst vibility nd orgn distribution of crried out. bovine hydtidosis nd to estimte the finncil losses due to the disese in the re. Postmortem inspection: Postmortem exmintion Mterils nd Methods ws conducted thorough visul inspection, plption nd systemic incision of ech viscerl orgn Study Are: The study ws conducted from October prticulrly the lung, kidney, liver, spleen, nd hert 2010 to Mrch 2011 t Dessie municipl bttoir, (Getw et l., 2010). The infected orgns from ech Northest Ethiopi. Dessie town is situted t the positive niml were collected; the totl number of North-est prt of Ethiopi t distnce of bout 400 hydtid cysts were counted per infected orgn nd km wy from the cpitl (Addis Abb), locted t recorded ' North ltitude nd 39 38' Est longitude nd hs Cyst chrcteriztion: n elevtion of 2600 meter bove se level. The re Individul cyst ws grossly gets 1936 to 1070 mm Hg rinfll nnully. The men exmined for ny evidence of degenertion nd monthly minimum nd mximum tempertures were clcifiction. cysts size mesurement, cyst counting, C nd C, respectively. The livestock cyst fertility nd vibility determintion ws lso popultion of the re comprises of 18,724 cttle, conducted. The size of the dimeter of hydtid cyst 22,248 sheep, 2572 gots, 1879 horses, 833 mules, ws mesured nd clssified s lrge (dimeter 3762 donkeys nd 37,557 heds of chickens (DFEDB, >10cm), medium (5-10cm) nd smll (dimeter < 2007). 5cm) (Oostburg et l., 2000; Kebede et l., 2009 ). The volume of hydtid fluid ws mesured nd clssified Study Animls: The study nimls were locl zebu s high (volume >20ml), medium (volume between 6 - cttle (Bos indicus) brought to the bttoir for 20ml) nd low (volume <6ml). The collected cysts slughter from districts round the town (Tewuledere, were crefully incised nd exmined for protoscolices, Tent, Dessie Zuri nd Kutber). All slughtered which looks like white dots on the germinl nimls were mle. Extensive system is dominnt epithelium, in hydtid fluid so s to clssify cysts s husbndry prctice in the re in which nimls re fertile or infertile. The infertile cysts were further llowed to grze freely nd housed in poorly clssified s sterile (fluid filled cysts without ny constructed brn t night. protoscolices) or clcified (Kebede et l., 2009 ). Smple size nd Smpling Methods: The totl Fertile cysts were further subjected to vibility test. A number of cttle required for smpling ws clculted segment contining protoscolices ws plced on the bsed on the formul given by Thrusfield (2005). microscope glss slide nd covers with cover slip nd Since there ws no informtion bout the prevlence observed for moeboid like peristltic movement with of the disese in the re, 50% prevlence ws tken to (40x) objective. For cler vision, drop of 0.1% clculte the smple size with 5% bsolute precision. queous eosin solution ws dded to equl volume of So the clculted smple size ws 384 cttle however, protoscolices in hydtid fluid on microscope slide to increse the ccurcy, the smple ws incresed to with the principle tht vible protoscolices should 610. During nte-mortem inspection, ech niml ws completely or prtilly exclude the dye while the ded given n identifiction number. The ge, sex nd body ones tke it up (Dlimi et l., 2002). condition of ech individul niml ws ssessed nd Economic loss ssessment: An ttempt ws mde recorded. Bsed on the body condition, nimls were to estimte the nnul economic losses from grouped s poor, medium nd good (Nicolson nd hydtidosis in cttle tking into ccount losses from Butterowrth, 1986). Animl's ge ws ctegorized into cost of orgn condemntion nd from crcss weight. dult (3 to 5 yers) nd old (>5 yers) bsed on the The retil mrket price of verge size offl (lung, owners informtion nd dentl eruption (De Lhunt liver, kidney, hert nd spleen) nd the cost of one kg Veterinry World, Vol.5 No.4 April

3 Cyst Vibility, Orgn Distribution nd Finncil Losses due to Hydtidosis in Slughtered Cttle Tble-1. Prevlence of hydtidosis bsed on ge nd body condition score of nimls beef were obtined from informtion gthered from Orgn distribution nd cysts Evlution locl butchers. Annul economic loss due to orgn Orgn distribution: The postmortem inspection condemntion ws determined by considering nnul reveled tht different orgns were ffected with slughter rte of cttle nd prevlence of hydtidosis hydtid cyst(s). The highest proportions of hydtid per orgn nd n estimted 5 % crcss weight loss cyst were recorded in the lungs (68.67%) followed by (Getw et l., 2010) ws considered. Averge crcss liver (14.46%), kidney (6.02%), hert (1.2%), spleen weight of Ethiopin locl breed cttle is estimted s wheres 9.64% were found both in the lung nd liver 108 kg (Negss et l., 2010). The totl economic loss (Tble 2). ws clculted s the summtion of cost of offl Number nd Vibility test: Both single nd multiple condemned plus the cost of crcss weight losses d infections of orgns were recorded. Out of the totl (Kebede et l., 2009 ; Getw et l., 2010). cttle (83) hrbouring hydtid cyst, 75 (%) were Dt nlysis: Dt were collected nd recorded in involving single orgn wheres the remining 8 (%) Microsoft excel spred sheet nd the prevlence of hd multiple orgn involvement. A mximum of 20 hydtid cyst ws clculted by dividing the number of cysts were encountered from single lung of cttle nd hydtid positive nimls with the totl number of totlly 195 cysts were counted nd evluted. Of these nimls exmined. The ssocitions of risk fctors cysts, 27 (13.85%) were fertile nd contined with the disese were ssessed using Person's chi protoscolices wheres the remining 124 (63.6%) nd squre. All sttisticl nlyses were done using SPSS 44 (22.6%) were sterile nd clcified cysts, respectively. version 17 (SPSS, 2008). Probbility (P) vlue less Of the fertile cysts (27), 13 (6.7%) were vible while thn 0.05 ws set s sttisticlly significnt in ll cses. 14 (7.18%) were non-vible. More fertile (14.65%) Result nd sterile (73.25%) cysts were observed in lungs. The rte of cyst clcifiction ws higher in the liver Prevlence of hydtidosis: Of the totl 610 nimls (78.14%) thn in the other orgns (Tble 3). inspected, 83 (13.61%) nimls were positive for Cyst size nd volume: Out of the 195 recorded bovine hydtidosis. The infection rte ws 22.89% in poor, 12.99% in medium nd 10.40% in good hydtid cysts, 153 (78.46%) were smll, 41 (21.03%) conditioned nimls. The prevlence ws sttisticlly medium nd one (0.51%) lrge in size while 62 significnt (P< 0.05) mong different body condition (31.79%) were low, 72 (36.92%) medium nd 7 scores. The prevlence ws 12.42% nd 18.92% in (3.59%) lrge in volume (Tble 4). dult nd old nimls, respectively, but there ws no Finncil losses: The economic loss due to sttisticlly significnt (P>0.05) difference between hydtidosis ws the summtion of the loss due to ge groups (Tble 1). crcss weight nd the loss due to orgn condemntion Tble-2: Proportion of orgn infected with Therefore, the estimted economic loss in cttle hydtid cyst. slughtered t Dessie municipl bttoir due to hydtidosis ws estimted to be 681, Ethiopin No Orgn inspected Number of Percent (%) birr (ETB) (equivlent of 39, US dollr). cses 1 Lung Discussion 2 Liver Kidney The present cross sectionl study which ws 4 Hert conducted t Dessie municipl bttoir to ssess the 5 Lung nd Liver prevlence of bovine hydtidosis, indicted tht the Totl 83 Veterinry World, Vol.5 No.4 April

4 Cyst Vibility, Orgn Distribution nd Finncil Losses due to Hydtidosis in Slughtered Cttle Tble-3: cyst fertility nd vibility in different orgns Orgn Totl Fertility Test Vibility Test Cyst Fertile Sterile Clcified Vible Non-Vible Count n % n % n % n % n % Lung Liver Kidney Hert Totl Tble-4: cyst fertility nd vibility in different orgns n=number, %=percentge Orgn Cyst Cyst size Cyst volume Count Smll Medium Lrge Low Medium High n % n % n % n % n % n % Lung Liver Kidney Hert Totl prevlence of 13.61% which grees with the findings of Kebede et l. (2009 ) 16% in Wolit Sodo town nd b Kebede et l. (2009 ) 15.2% in Birre-Sheleko nd Dngil bttoirs. However, the present study disgree with reports e of Kebede et l. (2009 ) 34.05% in Bhir Dr town nd Tolos et l. (2009) 31.44% in Jimm town. Jobre et l. (1996) studied hydtidosis in three selected regions of Ethiopi nd reported the prevlence of 46 % in medium, 24 % in high nd 25 % low ltitude zones. As high s 68% prevlence ws lso reported in sheep by Sissy et l. (2008). A possible reson for the difference in the prevlence of hydtidosis might be due to the contct between lrge numbers of stry dogs with the herd of cttle. Dogs, which re the primry fctor for the disese trnsmission, re used s gurds for herds nd re routinely fed with uncooked offl which deemed unfit for humn consumption (Getw et l., 2010). The other possible reson for the vrition in prevlence rte in different countries nd regions my be ttributed minly to strin difference of E. grnulosus tht exist in different geogrphicl sitution. Moreover, other fctors like difference in culture nd socil ctivities in different regions my contribute to these vritions (Kebede et l., 2009 ). In this study, n ttempt ws mde to ssess the reltionship between body condition score nd cyst infection. The result indicted tht there ws significnt difference (P<0.05) in rte of infection mong different the body condition scores. Animls hving poor body condition were found to hve high n=number, %=percentge cyst infection. Polydorous (1981) explined tht in moderte to severe infection the prsite my cuse retrded performnce nd growth, reduced qulity nd yield of met nd milk s well s live weight loss nd estimted 5 nd 16% weight loss in Yugoslvi nd Bulgri, respectively. In this study, it hd been found tht hydtid cyst occur predominntly in lungs nd liver. Immture prsites hve no selective ffinity for ny prticulr orgn, nd loction of hydtid cyst in niml is controlled by filtering ction of cpillries. This could be due to the fct tht lungs nd liver possesses the first gret cpillries sites encountered by the migrting Echinococcus onchosphere (hexcnth embryo) which dopt the portl vein route nd primrily negotite heptic nd pulmonry filtering system sequentilly before ny other peripherl orgn is involved, but onchosphers which trverse these will rech the systemic circultion nd hydtid hve been found in mny orgns nd tissues (Urquhrt et l., 2003; Kebede et l., 2009 ; Getw et l 2010). Lungs were more infected thn liver, probbly due to the presence of greter cpillry beds in the lungs thn liver. From single to 20 cysts were encountered from single lung of cttle. Such vritions in cyst bundnce re minly due to the sptil distribution nd the infectivity of E. grnulosus eggs nd the susceptibility nd defence cpbility of the host (Kebede et l., 2009 ). The cyst count is highest in lung followed by liver, kidney nd hert. Lungs hrboured higher Veterinry World, Vol.5 No.4 April

5 Cyst Vibility, Orgn Distribution nd Finncil Losses due to Hydtidosis in Slughtered Cttle number of medium nd lrge sized cysts thn liver. Conclusion Lrger size of cysts in the lungs my be due to In conclusion, hydtidosis is prevlent nd cuses reltively softer constncy (Getw et l., 2010). considerble economic loss in livestock production in Higher numbers of smll sized nd clcified cysts nd round Dessie. Therefore, proper met inspection were found in liver nd this could be due to the nd disposl of condemned orgns re essentil to reticulo-endothelil nd connective tissue rection of reduce the finncil losses nd sfegurd the public. In the orgn (Kebede et l., 2009 ). The liver infection ddition to this, the construction of well equipped my be reflection of the route of prsite entry nd bttoirs nd enhncement of wreness of people seems to support the hypotheses of heptic portl bout the economic nd public helth importnce of distribution of the onchosphere leding to the liver the disese re lso crucil. infection. Out of 195 hydtid cysts 153 (78.46%), 41 (21.03%) nd one (0.51%) were smll, medium nd Acknowledgements lrge, respectively. The higher proportion of smll cyst Authors would like to thnk bttoir workers nd my indicte lte infection of the nimls s result of owners of the slughtered nimls; since without their hevy rinfll nd continuous grzing in the pst willingness nd coopertion, the reserch couldn't be rining seson or due to immunologicl response of conducted nd fruitful. the hosts which might preclude expnsion of cyst size. Rinfll nd moisture fvour the survivl of eggs of Conflict of interest Echinococcus species nd t the sme time eggs my Authors declre tht they hve no conflict of get chnce to be disseminted by flood (Urquhrt et interest. l., 2003). A lower fertility percentge (13.85%) ws References identified out of the totl cysts exmined nd reltively 1. Biluts H., Mins M. nd Bekele A. (2006). Hydtid high percentge (63.59%) nd (22.56%) of the totl disese of the liver: A 12 yer experience of surgicl cysts were sterile nd clcified which showed the mngement. Est nd Centrl Africn Journl of importnce of cttle in mintining the cycle in Surgery, 11, miniml level nd it my imply tht most of the cysts 2. Crig P. S., McMnus D. P., Lightowlers M. W., in cttle re infertile. This finding is inline with tht of Chblgoity J. A., Grci H. H., Gvidi C. M., Gilmn R. H., Gonzlez A. E., Lorc M., Nquir C., Kebede et l. (2009 ). The vrition in fertility, sterility Nieto A. nd Schntz P. M. (2007). Prevention nd nd clcifiction my be relted with the strin control of cystic echinococcosis. The Lncet Infectious difference (McMnus, 2006). The fertility rte ws Diseses, 7, doi: /s (07) higher mong the cysts of lung. Since lung hs reltively softer constncy which llows esier development of 3. Dlimi, A., Motmedi, G., Hosseini, M., the pressure cysts nd fertility of hydtid cyst my Mohmmdin, B., Mlki, H., Ghmri, Z. nd show tendency to increse in dvnced ge of host. Ghffri, F.F. (2002). Echinococcosis/Hydtidosis in This my be relted with reduced immunologicl western Irq. Veterinry Prsitology, 105, Doi: /S (02) comptibility of the hosts t their old ge of infections 4. De-Lhunt, A., nd Hbel, R. E., (1986). Teeth. (Getw, et l 2010; Ibrhim, 2010). Applied veterinry Antomy. W. B. Sounders In this study significnt finncil loss ws Compny. USA. registered due to hydtidosis with n estimted loss of 5. DFEDB, (2007). Dessie Finnce nd Economic 681, ETB which is bout 39, United Development Bureu (DFEDB), Overll Sttes dollr (USD) per nnum. Different finncil Environmentl Condition nd Livestock Welth losses regrding bovine hydtidosis were lso Assessment of Dessie. Annul Report, p reported from different prt of the country. For 6. Froms A. nd Jobre Y. (2011). Infection prevlence exmple, Getw, et l., (2010) reported USD of hydtidosis (Echinococcus grnulosus, Btsch, d 1786) in domestic nimls in Ethiopi: A synthesis in Adm municipl bttoir nd Kebede et l., 2009 report of previous surveys. Ethiopin veterinry reported 3,201 USD losses per nnum in Mekele journl, 15 (2), municipl bttoir, North Ethiopi. The difference in 7. Getw A., Beyene D., Ayn D., Megers B. nd the mount of economic loss could be due to the Abunn F., (2010). Hydtidosis: Prevlence nd its vrition in the prevlence of the disese, retil mrket economic importnce in ruminnts slughtered t price of orgns nd men nnul slughter rte in Adm municipl bttoir, Centrl Oromi, Ethiopi. different bttoirs. Act Tropic, 113, doi: /j. cttropic. Veterinry World, Vol.5 No.4 April

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