Use of embryo transfer to increase the fertility of dairy herds during the summer heat stress and in repeat breeder cows

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1 Use of emryo trnsfer to increse the fertility of diry herds during the summer het stress nd in repet reeder cows Griel A. Bo 1 nd Pietro S. Bruselli 2 1 Instituto A.P. de Ciencis Básics y Aplicds, Crrer de Medicin Veterinri, Universidd Ncionl de Vill Mrí, Córdo, Argentin. 2 Instituto de Reproducción Animl Córdo (IRAC), Zon Rurl Generl Pz, 5145, Córdo, Argentin. 3 Deprtmento de Reprodução Animl, FMVZ-USP, CEP São Pulo, Brzil. Introduction Although Emryo trnsfer (ET) is reproductive technology widely used round the world to reproduce the nimls with high genetic merit, the ppliction of this technology in comintion to trditionl rtificil insemintion (AI) cn improve the reproductive performnce of high producing diry herds. The min reson for tht potentil improvement is the higher fertility reported fter emryo trnsfer in cows experiencing het stress (Amrose et l., 1999; Bruselli et l., 2010; Putney et l., 1989; Rodrigues et l., 2004, 2007, 2007; 2011) nd those dignosed s repet-reeders (Dochi et l., 2008; Ferreir et l., 2011; Rodrigues et l., 2010; Stewrt et l., 2011). The ojective of this rief review is to show informtion generted in recent yers tht demonstrte how emryos cn improve the fertility in diry herds ecuse it ypsses the prolems ssocited with disruption of the oocyte, fertiliztion rtes nd erly emryo development. Emryo Trnsfer during the period of Het Stress Het Stress hs tremendous deleterious effect on fertility in diry herds round the world, especilly in those res in which summers re hot nd humid. Emryo trnsfer is n effective tool to increse fertility during het stress ecuse it ypsses the dmge to the oocyte nd erly emryo cused y hyperthermi. The oocyte cn e dmged y het stress for t lest 105 dys fter exposure to high tempertures (Torres Jr et l., 2008) nd remins sensitive to het stress on the dy of ovultion (Putney et l., 1989). The erly emryo cn e lso dmged y het stress ut soon cquires iochemicl mechnisms tht protect it from elevted tempertures (Hnsen, 2013). Thus, het stress on the first dy fter estrus reduced emryonic development ut het stress hd no effect when the emryos re etween 3 to 7 dys (Ely et l., 1993). A 7-dy morul nd lstocyst stge emryos tht Vetoquinol Austrli Sles: Repro360 Helpline: sles.ustrli@vetoquinol.com 360ustrli@vetoquinol.com vetoquinol.com.u repro360.com.u

2 re typiclly trnsferred into recipients, re lrgely resistnt to dmge y mternl hyperthermi. Furthermore, trnsferring emryos in recipient 7 dys fter estrus diminish the dverse effects of het stress on ovultion, since only recipients with corpus luteum detected y rectl plption or ultrsonogrphy will receive nd emryo y non-surgicl trnsfer. A retrospective study ws performed using lctting Holstein cows tht were sumitted to ET or AI fter detection of estrus (Rodrigues et l., 2007). Conception rtes were higher cross the yer, ut the differences were more pronounced in the wrmer months of the yer (Novemer through April in the southern hemisphere) thn in the cooler months of the yer (Figure 1). Emryonic loss etween 30 nd 60 dys of pregnncy ws lso compred retrospectively in lctting Holstein cows sujected to AI or ET during summer nd winter (reviewed y Bruselli et l., 2011). As it is shown in Figure 2, there were differences for reeding technique (AI versus ET; P=0.001), seson (hot versus cool; P=0.001) nd n interction of reeding technique nd seson (P=0.003) on conception rtes. Although, pregnncy loss ws higher for ET thn for AI (P=0.001) nd seson (P=0.001), cows receiving emryos hd higher pregnncy rtes fter 60 dys thn those AI (Figure 2). Therefore, useful mngement tool to mintin high pregnncy rtes throughout the yer would e to produce emryos during the cooler months nd use them for ET during the periods of het stress. Emryo trnsfer in repet reeder cows Repet reeder cows re usully defined s cows tht do not ecome pregnnt over period of time tht do not hve ny pprent normlity tht cn e dignosed y veterinry exmintion. The resons for poor fertility in these cows re still controversil. Although some uthors reported poor fertiliztion rtes (Grden et l., 1968) others hve found similr fertiliztion rtes fter AI (Srtori et l, 2002). Others reported higher erly emryonic losses (Alihn et l., 1989, 1991; Gustfsson nd Lrsson, 1985). Irrespective of the reson of their poor fertility, the presence of repet reeder cows dversely ffects the reproductive performnce of diry herds (Ferreir et l., 2010; Yusuf et l., 2010). In recent study, the trnsfer of emryos to repet reeder recipients resulted in incresed repet reeder pregnncy rtes compred to AI, without differences in emryo/fetl losses etween 30 nd 60 dys (Ferreir et l., 2010). In nother retrospective study (Rodrigues et l., 2007; Figure 1), conception rtes in repet reeder Holstein cows were greter fter ET (41.7%; 1609/3858) thn fter AI (17.9%; 1019/5693), supporting the notion tht the fertility prolem in some repet-reeders my e ssocited with oocyte Vetoquinol Austrli Sles: Repro360 Helpline: sles.ustrli@vetoquinol.com 360ustrli@vetoquinol.com vetoquinol.com.u repro360.com.u

3 qulity nd/or filure of erly emryo development (Figure 1). Other reports hve lso shown significnt improvements in pregnncy rtes using in vivo (Dochi et l., 2008; Son et l., 2007) or in vitro produced emryos (Block et l., 2010) in repet reeder cows. The est strtegy to hve n impct on the Fertility of the herd is to trnsfer the emryos t fixed-time (without estrus detection. In yet more recent study tht compred the use of prostglndin F2α (PGF) or fixed-time emryo trnsfer (FTET) it ws shown tht the use of FTET protocol incresed the proportion of recipients trnsferred nd improved pregnncy rtes in repet reeder diry cows (Rodrigues et l., 2010). In summry, lthough the emryo trnsfer technology hs een used primrily for nerly 40 yers to disseminte the desirle trits, the technology cn now e used to resolve reproductive prolems such s the reduced fertility found during het stress nd in repet reeder cows. Vetoquinol Austrli Sles: Repro360 Helpline: sles.ustrli@vetoquinol.com 360ustrli@vetoquinol.com vetoquinol.com.u repro360.com.u

4 A SUMMER AUTUMN-WINTER SPRING 60 AI ET Conception rte (%) Jn Fe Mr Aph My Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month B SUMMER AUTUMN-WINTER SPRING 60 AI ET Conception rte (%) Jn Fe Mr Aph My Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 1. Conception rtes of high-producing Holstein cows sumitted to AI (lck rs) or emryo trnsfer (ET; gry rs): (A) non-repet reeders (AI = 18,568 nd ET = 4,871) nd (B) repet reeders ( 4 services; AI = 5,693 nd ET = 3,858; dpted from Rodrigues et l. (2007). Vetoquinol Austrli Sles: Repro360 Helpline: sles.ustrli@vetoquinol.com 360ustrli@vetoquinol.com vetoquinol.com.u repro360.com.u

5 50 Autumn / Winter Spring / Summer % ,449 8,663 3,052 1,989 2,902 2,482 1, AI ET AI ET Conception rte Pregncy loss Figure 2. Conception rte nd pregnncy loss (etween 30 nd 60 d) of high-producing Holstein cows sujected to AI (n=19,112) or emryo trnsfer (ET; n = 5,364) during hot (gry rs) nd cool (lck rs) sesons. There were differences for reeding technique (AI versus ET; P=0.001), seson (hot versus cool; P=0.001) nd n interction of reeding technique nd seson (P=0.003) on the conception rtes. Pregnncy loss ws influenced y reeding technique (P=0.001) nd seson (P=0.001), ut there ws no interction (P=0.55); dpted from Bruselli et l., Vetoquinol Austrli Sles: Repro360 Helpline: sles.ustrli@vetoquinol.com 360ustrli@vetoquinol.com vetoquinol.com.u repro360.com.u

6 References Alihn, A., Gustfsson, H., Hurst, M., Rodriguez-Mrtinez, H., Emryonic ility to prolong the interestrous intervl in virgin nd repet reeding heifers. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 26, Alihn, A., Gustfsson, H., Rodriguez-Mrtinez, H., Lrsson, K., Development of dy 7 ovine demi-emryos trnsferred into virgin nd repet reeder heifers. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 21, Amrose, J.D., Drost, M., Monson, R.L., Rutledge, J.J., Leifried-Rutledge, M.L., Thtcher, M.J., Kss, T., Binelli, M., Hnsen, P.J., Chenoweth, P.J., Thtcher, W.W., Efficcy of timed emryo trnsfer with fresh nd frozen in vitro produced emryos to increse pregnncy rtes in het-stressed diry cttle. J. Diry Sci. 82, Bruselli, P.S., Ferreir, R.M., Sá Filho, M.F., Nsser, L.F.T., Rodrigues, C., Bó, G. A, Bovine emryo trnsfer recipient synchronistion nd mngement in tropicl environments. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 22, Bruselli, P.S., Ferreir, R.M., Sles, J.N.S., Gimenes, L.U., Sá Filho, M.F., Mrtins, C.M., Rodrigues, C.A., Bó, G.A., Timed emryo trnsfer progrms for mngement of donor nd recipient cttle. Theriogenology 76, Block, J., Bonill, L., Hnsen, P.J Efficcy of in vitro emryo trnsfer in lctting diry cows using fresh or vitrified emryos produced in novel emryo culture medium. J. Diry Sci.; 93: Dochi, O., Tkhshi, K., Hiri, T., Hykw, H., Tnisw, M., Ymmoto, Y., Koym, H., The use of emryo trnsfer to produce pregnncies in repet-reeding diry cttle. Theriogenology 69, Ely, A.D., Drost, M., Hnsen, P.J., Developmentl chnges in emryonic resistnce to dverse effects of mternl het stress in cows. J. Diry Sci. 76, Ferreir, R.M., Ayres, H., Chirtti, M.R., Rodrigues, C.A., Freits, B.G., Meirelles, F. V, S, B.P., Het stress nd emryo production in high-producing diry cows, in: Act Scientie Veterinrie. pp. s277 s315. Ferreir, R.M., Ayres, H., Chirtti, M.R., Ferrz, M.L., Arújo, A B., Rodrigues, C. A, Wtne, Y.F., Vireque, A A, Joquim, D.C., Smith, L.C., Meirelles, F. V, Bruselli, P.S., The low fertility of repet-reeder cows during summer het stress is relted to low oocyte competence to develop into lstocysts. J. Diry Sci. 94, Ferreir, R.M., Chirtti, M.R., Mcelli, C.H., Rodrigues, C.A., Ferrz, M.L., Wtne, Y.F., Smith, L.C., Meirelles, F. V, Bruselli, P.S., The infertility of repet-reeder cows during summer is ssocited with decresed mitochondril DNA nd incresed expression of mitochondril nd poptotic genes in oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 94, Freits, B.G., Sles, J.N.S., Teixeir, A.A., Ferreir, R.M., Ayres, H., Rnieri, A.L., Rodrigues, C.A., Bruselli, P.S., Emryonic loss (etween 30 nd 60 dys) followed to rtificil insemintion or emryo trnsfer in high production Friesin diry cttle. Act Sci. Vet. 38, s675 s821. Grden, A.P., Olds, D., Mochow, C.R., Mutter, L.R., Cuses of fertiliztion filure in repet reeding cttle. J. Diry Sci. 51, Gustfsson, H., Lrsson, K., Emryonic mortlity in heifers fter rtificil insemintion nd emryo trnsfer: differences etween virgin nd repet reeder heifers. Res. Vet. Sci. 39, Hnsen, P.J, 2013 Cellulr nd moleculr sis of therpies to meliorte effects of het stress on emryonic development in cttle. Anim. Reprod. 10, Putney, D.J., Drost, M., Thtcher, W.W., Influence of summer het stress on pregnncy rtes of lctting diry cttle following emryo trnsfer or rtificil insemintion. Theriogenology 31, Vetoquinol Austrli Sles: Repro360 Helpline: sles.ustrli@vetoquinol.com 360ustrli@vetoquinol.com vetoquinol.com.u repro360.com.u

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