Growth and Organic Constituent Variations with Salinity in Excoecaria agallocha L., an Important Halophyte

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Nigel Fisher
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1 Botny Reserch Interntionl, 2 (1): 50-54, 2009 ISSN IDOSI Publictions, 2009 Grow nd Orgnic Constituent Vritions wi Slinity in Excoecri glloch L., n Importnt Hlophyte M. Jenci nd S. Ntrjn Deprtment of Botny, Annmli University, Annmlingr , Tmil Ndu, Indi Abstrct: The present investigtion ws mde to study e effect of different concentrtions of sodium chloride nd potssium chloride on grow nd orgnic constituents of e seedlings of Excoecri glloch. The plnt could survive wide rnge of mM of slt concentrtions. The upper limits for e survivl of e seedlings were upto 500mM NCl nd 400mM KCl. The highest numbers of leves, lef re, fresh nd dry weight were recorded t 300mM NCl nd 200mM KCl tretment. Beyond ese levels, e grow prmeters reduced drsticlly. Orgnic compounds such s mino cid nd sugr decresed upto optimum level of 300mM NCl nd 200mM KCl nd incresed t higher concentrtions. The strch nd chlorophyll content incresed upto 300mM NCl nd 200mM KCl, beyond ese levels e contents decresed mrginlly. The proline content incresed wi e incresing slinity of bo e slts. Key words: Mngrove Slinity Excoecri glloch Aminocid Proline INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven per cent of e lnd s surfce nd five per cent Excoecri glloch, n evergreen mngrove of cultivted lnds re ffected by slinity wi e species belonging to e fmily Euphorbicee ws slt stress being one of e most serious environmentl used for e present investigtion. This species ws fctors limiting e productivity of crop plnts [1]. In nturlly growing in bundnce in e slt mrshes in e Indi lone, bout 30 million hectres of costl lnd is mngrove re of Pichvrm on e est cost of Tmil lying brren nd uncultivble becuse of soil ffected by Ndu, Indi, bout 10 km est of Annmli University slinity. cmpus. Stresses ssocited wi temperture, slinity nd About one mon old seedlings ech wi two drought single or in combintion re likely to enhnce e leves were uprooted wiout dmging e root severity of problems in e coming decdes [2]. The system nd ey were plnted individully in concentrtion of e slt in e sline environment is polyene bgs (7 X5 ) filled wi e homogenous normlly mesured s e chloride concentrtion or mixture of grden soil contining red er, snd nd frm chlorinte nd it is bout 35 g per litre. Sodium is e yrd mnure (1:2:1). The plnted seedlings were irrigted dominnt ction wi concentrtion of 480 mm in e wi tp wter nd mintined in e Botnicl grden, sline wter nd e soil. Annmli University. One mon old well estblished Mngrove res re highly productive nd ey re seedlings were selected nd treted wi vrying s good s griculturl lnd. In view of ese, hlophytes concentrtions of NCl nd KCl ( mm). Above in generl nd mngroves in prticulr hve been e 500 mm NCl nd 300 mm KCl concentrtions, seedlings subject of scientific investigtions in e lst ree were not survived. The experimentl yrd ws rooted wi decdes [3]. The effect of vriety of slts on e trnsprent polyene sheet t height of 3 m from e tolernce of e metbolism of severl slt plnts hs been ground in order to protect e plnts from rin. The studied nd severl reviews on em hve ppered in smples were collected periodiclly t 60 nd 120 dy recent times [4]. intervls nd e dt were nlysed sttisticlly wi The present study ws mde to investigte e slt two-wy Anov. tolernce of NCl nd KCl on grow nd orgnic The lef re ws clculted mnully. Totl mino constituents of E. glloch nd optimum slt tolernce cid [5], totl sugr [6], Strch [7], Chlorophyll [8] nd of is species ws ssessed. Proline [9] were estimted. Corresponding Auor: Dr. S. Ntrjn, Deprtment of Botny, Annmli University, Annmlingr , Tmilndu, Indi 50

2 RESULTS NCl. A similr trend in fresh weight of lef, stem nd root ws seen wi KCl slinity t 200 mm. However, e effect The results on e effect of different concentrtions of KCl on e root fresh weight ws less pronounced of NCl nd KCl on e number of leves, lef re, shoot when compred to t of NCl. nd root leng, fresh weight nd dry weight of lef, stem The dry weight of lef, stem nd root hd incresed nd root of E. glloch on e 60 nd 120 dy fter wi incresing NCl upto 300 mm in bo e smples sline tretment re present in Tble 1. nd ere fter it hd decresed.the increse in dry weight of e lef nd stem t e optimum concentrtion Number of Leves nd Lef Are: The effect of NCl nd ws more n two fold. Wi KCl, e incresing trend in KCl on number of leves, lef re, shoot leng nd root e dry weight of e ree orgns ws noticed only upto leng is presented in Tble 1. Bo e slts hd 200 mm. In cse of dry weight KCl hd greter effect on incresed e number of leves, lef re, shoot leng e dry weight of ll orgns when compred to t of nd root leng wi incresing concentrtions. This ws NCl tretment. observed on e 60 nd 120 dy t 300mM NCl nd The result on e effect of NCl nd KCl slinities 200mM KCl. At higher concentrtions of bo ese slts, on e free mino cid, totl sugr, strch, proline grdul reduction in e number of leves, shoot nd nd chlorophyll contents re presented in Tble 2. root leng lef re ws noticed. At e optimum The F-vlues were significnt t 5% level. concentrtion, e clculted lef re ws pproximtely equl in bo e slts. Aminocid: The mino cid content of e lef, stem nd root decresed wi incresing NCl concentrtion upto Fresh nd Dry Weight: The fresh weight of lef, stem nd 300 mm nd t higher concentrtions, it showed grdul root hd incresed wi incresing NCl upto 300 mm increse upto 500 mm NCl. However, e highest vlue in bo e smples nd ere fter it hd decresed. The obtined in e lef t 500 mm NCl ws 17% less n mximum increse in fresh weight ws 84% on e 60 dy t of control. A similr trend ws lso seen in e stem smple nd 49% on e 120 dy smple when compred nd root tissues. KCl slinity showed similr trend in e to ose of control plnts. The mximum incresed of stem minocid content to t of NCl slinity. However, e fresh weight ws 80% on e 60 dy nd 40% on e 120 decrese in e minocid content ws noticed only upto dy n e control. The root fresh weight ws lwys 200 mm KCl nd erefter, it registered n upwrd trend less n ose of lef nd stem t ll concentrtion of upto 400 mm. Tble 1: Effect of NCl nd KCl on grow prmeters of Excoecri glloch Concentrtions (mm) NCl Kcl Prmeters Control No. of Dys No. of. Leves ( plnt ) Lef re (cm plnt ) Shoot leng (cm plnt ) Root leng (cm plnt ) Fresh wt. (g plnt ) Lef Stem Root Dry wt. (g plnt ) Lef Stem Root Fresh Weight Dry Weight F-Vlues: No. of leves Lef re Shoot leng Root leng Lef Stem Root Lef Stem Root F 1=15.53 F 1=12.36 F 1=6.27 F 1=7.46 F 1=8.06 F 1=4.73 F 1=5.49 F 1=8.09 F 1=4.97 F 1=7.06 F 2=6.79 F 2=5.33 F 2=11.36 F 2=11.67 F 2=6.83 F 2=7.04 F 2=8.23 F 2=13.39 F 2=16.72 F 2=5.57 Significnt t 1% nd 5% level 51

3 Tble 2: Effect of NCl nd KCl on orgnic compounds of Excoecri glloch (mg / g fr. wt.) Concentrtions (mm) NCl Kcl Prmeters Control No. of Dys Amino cid Lef Stem Root Totl sugr Lef Stem Root Strch Lef Stem Root Proline Lef Stem Root Chloroph yll Chl Chl b Totl Chl F-Vlues: Amino cid Totl Sugr Strch Proline Totl Chlorophyll F 1=66.10 F 1= F 1=77.56 F 1=15.10 F 1=24.0 F 2=5.97 F 2=14.11 F 2=17.26 F 2=1.33 F 2= Significnt t 1% nd 5% level Not Significnt Totl Sugr: Totl sugr content decresed in ll e ree orgns wi incresing NCl upto 300 mm nd wi incresing KCl up to 200 mm. At higher concentrtions of bo e slts, grdul incresing trend ws recorded. Strch: The strch content in ll e ree orgns incresed wi incresing NCl upto 300 mm nd wi incresing KCl upto 200 mm. At still higher concentrtions, ere ws grdul decrese in e strch content. The differences in e strch content t different levels of slinity followed e sme trend s t of sugr. Proline: There ws grdul rise in e level of proline in ll e ree orgns on bo e smpling dys wi incresing concentrtion of bo NCl nd KCl. The lef lwys hd more proline n e stem nd e root. There ws 2-3 fold increse of proline on e 120 dy t e highest slinity level. Totl Chlorophyll: An incresing trend in chlorophyll content of e lef ws noticed wi incresing NCl concentrtion upto 300 mm on e 60 dy of slt tretment nd erefter, it stedily declined. There ws 55% increse in chlorophyll t 300 mm when compred to t of control plnts. A similr incresing trend in e totl chlorophyll content upto 200 mm KCl concentrtion ws recorded nd erefter it grdully decresed. DISCUSSION In e present study, NCl nd KCl ffected e grow of e seedlings of E. glloch by incresing shoot nd root leng wi incresing slinity (i.e.300 mm for NCl nd 200 mm for KCl). At e optimum concentrtion, bo e slts hd pproximtely similr effect on e grow of e seedlings. The dt on grow response to reveled depressed grow bo in e bsence of slts nd t high slinities of two slts, NCl ppered to be less dmging. A stimultion of grow in response to moderte levels of NCl slinity hs been reported for severl hlophytes. Atriplex vesicri produced high yield in r presence of 700 mm NCl. The grow of Sesuvium portulcstrum showed positive effect to NCl concentrtions upto 600 mm nd e upper limit for survivl of is species ws 900 mm [10]. On e oer hnd KCl ws shown to be less effective in promoting grow nd in some instnce ws toxic. There is evidence for synergism between NCl nd KCl [11-13]. Grow stimultion t low moderte externl slinity hs been reported for mny hylophytes [14-17]. The decline in lef number t high slt concentrtions ws due to e lef fll becuse of senescence. Slinity hs been shown to be one of e externl fctors t influence e process of senescence nd e consequent shedding of leves [18-20]. The increse in e lef re could be due to increse in wter content of e leves nd increse in succulence. 52

4 Sodium chloride nd potssium chloride slinity pressure nd/or grow hs hypoesized. Proline, which incresed e fresh nd dry weight of e lef, stem cts s n intrcellulr cytoplsmic osmoticum s it, nd root wi incresing slinity up to optimum ccumultes to higher degree under stress conditions, concentrtions. The incresed fresh weight of e lef which my ply n dptive role for slt tolernce. The tissue cn be ttributed to e increse in lef ickness increse of free proline contents in some species [21-25]. nd e ccumultion of ions nd wter in e tissues It is concluded nd recommended t e 300 mm NCl [14-19]. In e dicotyledonous hlophytes it hs been nd 200 mm KCl is suitble soil slinity to utilize for is + - reported t N nd Cl ions cn mount for 30-50% of species. e dry weight. The dry weight increse could be ttributed to e ccumultion of inorgnic slts nd ACKNOWLEDGEMENT orgnic mtter in e plnt tissues. Incresing concentrtions of NCl upto 300mM nd The uors re nkful to Kcl upto 200mM hd decresed e free mino cid Professor Dr. K.P. Chellppn, Former, Hed of nd sugr content nd t higher concentrtions bo e Deprtment of Botny nd Den, Fculty of slts, ere ws grdul increse in e mino cid nd science, Annmli University for hving provided sugr content. Accumultion of some mino cids viz, lbortory fcilities nd encourgement roughout e sprgin, sprtic cid nd reversible trend ws reserch work. observed [18-21]. An increse in concentrtions of lnine, sprtic cid nd to lesser extent t of REFERENCE serine in Puccinell mritim grown in mm NCl. Greter ccumultion of e mino cids ws lso 1. Ahmd, I., F. Lrher nd G.R. Stewrt, The observed in young plnts in response to incresed se ccumultion of cetylorriine nd oer solutes wter slinity in grow medium [17-22]. Incresed content in e slt mrsh grss puccinelli mritim, of mino cids wi increse in slinity ws observed in Phytochem., 20: mny oer crops [23-25]. 2. Clussen, W., B.R. Loveys nd J.S. Hwker, The strch content hd incresed wi incresing Comprtive investigtion on e distribution of NCl nd KCl slinity upto optimum levels. The reverse sucrose synse ctivity nd invertse ctivity sitution ws noticed t higher slinities. The increse in wiin growing mture nd old leves of some C 3 nd strch nd decrese in totl sugr hd been ttributed to C 4 plnt species. Physiologi Plnt, 65: e role of sodium on e stomtl opening. Slt stress 3. Al-Zhrni, H.S. nd A.S. Hjr, Slt tolernce induced reduction in sugr content hs been reported in e hlophyte Hlopeplis perfolit (Forsc) Bye. [19-22]. Sucrose is considered to be e primry substrte Ex. Schwent. Effect of NCl slinity on grow nd for strch synesis. It hs been reported t e ion uptke. J. Plnt Physiol., 3: concentrtions of sucrose nd strch increse in excised 4. Bernstein, L., Effects of slinity nd nd illuminted leves plnts [21-24]. It hs lso known sodicity on plnt grow. Annu. Rev. of t strch content increses under e conditions where Phytopology, 13: sucrose content is incresed [25-26]. 5. Moore, S. nd W.H. Stein, Photometric meod Bo NCl nd KCl slinities fvoured chlorophyll for use in e chromtogrphy of minocid. J. Biol. synesis in e leves of E.glloch up to e optimum Chem., 176: concentrtions of e respective slts. However, t 6. Nelson, N., A photomorphic dpttion of e higher concentrtions, bo e slts hd decresed somogyi s meod for e determintion of reducing e chlorophyll content. A positive effect of NCl slinity sugr. Anl. Chem., 31: on chlorophyll synesis in e hlophyte, hs been 7. Chpmn, V.J., Mngrove phytosociology. reported [21-23]. On e oer hnd, decrese in e Tropicl Ecology, 11: 1-9. chlorophyll content under slinity hs been reported in 8. Arnon, D.I, Copper enzymes in isolted number of hlophytes [20-24]. chloroplst. Polyphenol oxidse in Bet vulgris. Incresing NCl nd KCl slinity cused n Plnt Physiol., 24: incresing content of proline. A positive correltion exists 9. Btes, L.S., R.P. Wldren nd I.D. Tere, between e proline content nd slinity tretments. The Rpid determintion of e free proline in wter stress ccumultion of proline my be due to reduced turgor studies. Plnt nd Soil., 38:

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