INFLUENCE OF FERTILITY RATES AND CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL ON THE STALK YIELD (TON/HA) AND JUICE QUALITY OF CHEWING SUGARCANE AT BADEGGI, NIGERIA

Transcription

1 INFLUENCE OF FERTILITY RATES AND CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL ON THE STALK YIELD (TON/HA) AND JUICE QUALITY OF CHEWING SUGARCANE AT BADEGGI, NIGERIA GANA A.K., SHEBANYA J.A.Y., OGUNLELA V.E., ODION E.C., IMOHIN E.D. Abstrct Field trils were conducted in, nd wet nd dry sesons t the uplnd sugrcne experimentl field of Ntionl Cerels Reserch Institute (NCRI) Bdeggi, to evlute the influence of fertility rtes nd chemicl weed control on the stlk yield (ton/h) nd juice qulity of chewing sugrcne. From the results obtined in the three trils, the ppliction of combined fertility rtes of ir dried cowdung with inorgnic N, P nd K fertilizer produced significntly greter vlues of stlk yield to/h, percent reducing sugr, percent polrity (pol) nd percent nitrogen (N) in juice thn t seprte ppliction of cow dung nd inorgnic N, P & K fertilizer. However the effect of the fertility rtes on lbortory percent brix nd percent purity ws not significnt. The percent fibre content incresed s the fertility rtes decresed with the highest vlues been obtined from the control where neither cow dung nor inorgnic fertilizer ws dded. No yield ws obtined from the weedy check through out the period of experimenttion. How ever, there ws no significnt difference mong the vlues of stlk yield (ton/h) nd juice qulity prmeters obtined from chewing sugrcne treted with herbicides, nd tht of the hoe weeded plots. Key word: fertility rtes, chemicl weed control, stlk yield, sugr qulity prmeters INTRODUCTION Chewing sugrcne is n importnt csh crop in Nigeri, which is normlly chewed s redy mde source of energy (Sucrose). The sucrose cn be processed into Mzrkwil nd Alew for drinking Akmu nd Gri (Busri, ). However, the production of this crop in Nigeri is presently in the hnds of locl frmers with low verge yields of between tonnes per hectre compred to over 100 tonnes per hectre obtined in the United Sttes nd Cub (Fdyomi, 1996). According to Ro nd Shrm (1981), poor stlk yield of sugrcne is mostly due to poor weed control nd crop nutrition. Poor soil nutrition nd hevy weed in the erly life of crop tends to result in stlk yield loss t hrvest time by cusing reduced cne weight, high in fibre content nd poor juice qulity (Allison nd Hslm, 1985). According to Fdyomi, uncontrolled weed interference coupled with poor soil nutrition in the crop cused bout 12 99% reduction in stlk yield. Fertility ffects the composition of crops in severl wys. A nutrient my increse or decrese the concentrtion of other nutrients, lter the course of constituents like protein, nd crbohydrtes. For sugrcne, the qulity of the crop is prticulrly ssessed by the sugr produced per tonnge, nd of the mjor elements essentil for cne growth, nitrogen hs the gretest influence on cne growth, the ripening nd the juice qulity (Hussini et l.1990). Ro nd Shrm (1981) reported tht the presence of phosphoric cid nd potsh in cow dung helps in promoting sucrose syntheses. However, the interction between inorgnic nd cowdung hve been proved to increse yield significntly (Ryer, 1986). Ynmi et l. (1997) reported the use of NPK nd cow dung not to hve ny significnt effect on juice qulity, prmeters such s percent brix, nd purity. While significnt effect on stlk yield nd percent sucrose nd pol ws observed. According to them juice qulity (brix% nd purity%) minly depends upon genetic nture of the vriety. Nemn et l. (1995) recorded incresed juice ction, chlorine nd nitrogen content t ppliction of nitrogen. However, when pplied in excess or lte in growth period impired juice qulity nd the recoverble sucrose percentge ws reduced. High ppliction of nitrogen fertilizers generlly results in luxurious growth nd high percentges of reducing sugrs but s the crop ges nd close mturity, it is expected tht nitrogen content reduces nd there is n incresing conversion of the reducing sugrs to sucrose (Hussin et l., 1990). Mclint (1990) observed decresed sucrose concentrtion in potssium deficient soil. Therefore, the objective of this reserch study ws to determine the influence of fertility rtes nd chemicl weed control on stlk yield nd juice qulity of chewing sugrcne under n overmined sndy uplnd ecology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were conducted t the uplnd sugrcne experimentl field of Ntionl Cerels Reserch Institute, Bdeggi (Lt 9 45 l N. Long l E, 70.5 metres bove se level) in the Guine Svnn ecologicl zone of Nigeri in, nd wet nd dry sesons. The soil of 171

2 experimentl site hs been clssified s ultisol nd sndy lom in texture with bulk density of m -1 (Ayotde nd Fgde, 1993). It hs n verge nnul rinfll of 1124 mm nd men temperture 23 C 33 C respectively. Detils of the physico-chemicl properties of the soil nd nlysis result of the cow dung during the periods of experimenttion re presented in Tbles 1 nd 2. Tb. 1: Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of soil tken from experimentl site before the estblishment of the tril Soil properties Bdeggi 0 25cm depth Physicl properties Snd (%) Silt (%) Cly (%) Texturl clss Chemicl properties ph in wter Orgnic crbon (%) Orgnic mtter (%) Totl nitrogen (%) Avilble phosphorus (ppm) Exchngeble ction (cmol/kg) K Mg C N CEC (cmol/kg) Sndy Tb. 2: Lbortory nlysis of cow dung component Percent (%) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potssium Orgnic Source: Cow dung from the cow mrket behind Gwdebe New Mrket Bid The tretments tested consisted of seven fertility rtes nd four weed control mesures. The tretments were fertility (F). F 0 = Control (no cow dung, no inorgnic fertilizer), F 1 = 120N 60P 2 O 5 90K 2 O kg/h lone (NCRI recommended rte), F 2 = 10 tonnes/h of ir dried cow dung (NCRI recommended rte), F 3 = 10 tonnes/h of ir dried cow dung + 120N 60P 2 O 5 90K 2 O kg/h, F 4 = 10 tonnes/h of ir dried cow dung + 60N 30P 2 O 5 45K 2 O kg/h, F 5 = 5 tonnes/h of ir dried cow dung + 120N 60P 2 O 5 90K 2 O kg/h, nd F 6 = 5 tonnes/h of ir dried cow dung + 60N 30P 2 O 5 45K 2 O kg/h. Stright fertilizer were used to work out the vrious rtes of N, P nd K using Ure for N, Sungle super phosphte for P nd Murite of potsh for K. The weed control mesures were W 0 = Weedy check, W 1 = Hoe weeding t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 nd 9 MAP, W 2 = Atrzine 2.0 kg.i./h (P.E.) + dimethmetryne 3.0 kg.i./h (Post.E) + Supplementry hoe weeding 2, 4, 5, 6 nd 9 MAP nd ment from the net plot using Jeffco cutter/grind (Busri, ). Lbortory percent brix This ws determined by using hnd refrctometer grduted in percentge. Percent fibre After the dry wter = Insoluble fibrous mteril in cne product. It ws determined using Bg wshing method. Weight of dried smple Percent fibre = 100 Weight of smple + Loss during preprtio n Percent reducing sugr The reducing vlue of sugr product clculted s invert sugr. Invert sugr = Titrtion ml Weight of dried smple smple per 100 ml of finl solution d (density) Percent polrity (pol) The vlue determined by single polriztion weight of sugr product mde up to totl volume of 100 ml t 20 C. It ws red using the Btes Jckson Scchrimeter Scle (Pyne, 1968). Pol% bgsses = Scchrimeter reding 2.73 Percent purity Expected finl mosses. A theoreticlly ttinble refrctometer sucrose. Purity s indicted by the reducing substnces sh or the reducing conductivity (Pyne, 1968). A. Purity = B. Purity reduce substnce sh (crbonte ) Reducing substnce % refrctome tr solid = Specificconductnc e 1000 Nitrogen (N) in sugr This ws determined by using micro-kjeldh method (Pyne, 1968). %N = (t b) N 1400 T = Smple titrtion (ml) B = Blnk titrtion (ml) (Blnk determintion include one cigrette pper) N = Normlity of HS 2 o 4 (to 3 deciml plces) S = Smple weight Anlysis of dt All dt determined during the experiment were subjected to sttisticl nlysis to test tretment effects for significnce using F test s described by Snedecor nd Cochrn (1969). Where the F test showed 172

3 significnce, the mens were compred using Duncn s multiple rnge test (DMRT). RESULTS AND DISCUSION Throughout the period of experimenttion, the effect of fertility rtes on the stlk yield (ton/h) nd the following juice qulity prmeters: percent fibre, percent reducing sugr, percent pol nd percent nitrogen (N) in juice ws significnt (Tbles 3 nd 4). This result shows these prmeters to be fertility dependnt nd therefore their performnce could be improved by incresing the fertility rtes in this ecology. As being shown on Tbles 3 nd 4, the ppliction of combined fertility rtes of cow dung with inorgnic fertilizer led to increse in chewing sugrcne stlk yield, nd higher percentge vlues of reducing sugr, pol nd nitrogen in juice thn t seprte ppliction of cow dung nd inorgnic N, P nd K Fertilizer. According to Hussin et l. (1990) higher combined ppliction rtes of cow dung nd inorgnic NPK fertilizer t the right stge, time nd on the right soil results in luxurious growth nd high percentges of reducing sugrs, pol nd nitrogen in juice. According to them, fertility ffect the composition of crops in severl wys nd for sugrcne, the qulity of Tb. 3: Effect of fertility rtes nd chemicl weed control on the stlk yield (ton/h), lbortory percent brix nd percent fibre of chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi,, nd wet nd dry sesons Tretments Fertility rtes (F) 0 (Control no cow dung nd inorgnic fertilizer) 120N-60P 2 O 5-90K 2 O kg/h (NCRI recommended rte) 10 ton/h ir dried cow dung (NCRI recommended rte) 10 ton/h ir dried cow dung +120N-60P 2 O 5-90K 2 O kg/h 10 ton/h ir dried cow dung +60N-30P 2 O 5-45K 2 O kg/h 5 ton/h ir dried cow dung +120N-60P 2 O 5-90K 2 O kg/h 5 ton/h ir dried cow dung +60N-30P 2 O 5-45K 2 Okg/h Yield (ton/h) Lbortory brix% Fibre % 14.82d 10.70e 8.25d b 36.75c 41.00b b 11.92b 11.63b 18.83c 28.19d 31.21c c 10.56c 10.41c e 8.22e 8.30d d 8.85d 8.48d d 8.79d 8.39d d 8.90d 8.69d SE± Chemicl weed control Atrzine 2.0 kg.i/h (P.E) + dimethmetryne 3.0 kg.i/h (P.O.E) + supplementry weeding t 2, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP Diuron 2.0 kg.i/h (P.E) + dimethmetryne 3.0 kg.1/h (P.O.E) + supplementry weeding t 2, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP Hoe weeding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP * ** ** NS NS NS ** ** ** Weedy check 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b SE± ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** MAP Months fter plnting 2. PE Pre-emergence herbicide, 3. P.O.E. Post emergence herbicide 4. N.S. Nonsignidicnt, 5. * Significnt t 5%, 6. ** Highly significnt t 1% 173

4 Mens followed by the sme letter(s) in both columns re not significntly different t 5% level of probbility using DMRT (Duncn s multiple rnge tests). 174

5 Tb. 4: Effect of fertility rtes nd chemicl weed control on the percent reducing sugr, percent polrity, percent purity nd percent nitrogen in juice of chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi,, nd wet nd dry sesons Tretments Fertility rtes (F) 0 (Control no cow dung nd inorgnic fertilizer) 120N-60P 2 O 5-90K 2 O kg/h (NCRI recommended rte) 10 ton/h ir dried cow dung (NCRI recommended rte) 10 ton/h ir dried cow dung +120N- 60P 2 O 5-90K 2 O kg/h 10 ton/h ir dried cow dung +60N- 30P 2 O 5-45K 2 O kg/h 5 ton/h ir dried cow dung +120N- 60P 2 O 5-90K 2 O kg/h 5 ton/h ir dried cow dung +60N- 30P 2 O 5-45K 2 O kg/h Reducing sugr % Pol% Purity % N % in sugr 0.53c 0.46c 0.34c 6.97b 6.37c 6.35c c 0.10c 0.00c 0.70b 0.75b 0.87b 7.05b 7.08b 7.18b b 0.30b 0.40b 0.70b 0.72b 0.89b 6.97b 7.05b 7.11b b 0.59b SE± Chemicl weed control (H) Atrzine 2.0 kg.i/h(p.e)+dimeth metryn 3.0 kg.1/h (P.O.E) + supplementry weeding t 2, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP Diuron 2.0 kg.i/h(p.e)+dimeth metryn 3.0 kg.1/h (P.O.E) + supplementry weeding t 2, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP Hoe weeding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP ** ** ** ** ** ** NS NS NS ** ** * Weedy check 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b SE(±) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** MAP Months fter plnting 2. PE Pre-emergence herbicide, 3. P.O.E. Post emergence herbicide 4. N.S. Nonsignidicnt, 5. * Significnt t 5%, 6. ** Highly significnt t 1% Mens followed by the sme letter(s) in both column re not significntly different t 5% level of probbility using DMRT (Duncn s multiple rnge test) 175

6 the crop is prticulrly ssessed by the sugr produced per tonnge. And of the mjor elements essentil for cne growth, nitrogen hs the gretest effect on cne growth, the ripening nd juice qulity. The nonsignificnt effect of the fertility rtes on the lbortory percent brix nd percent purity in, nd wet nd dry sesons grees with Nemn et l. (1995) who erlier reported nonsignificnt effect of inorgnic NPK Fertilizer with cow dung on lbortory percent brix nd percent purity of sugrcne (Tbles 3 nd 4). The percent fibre incresed s the fertility rtes deceses with the highest vlue of fibre content being obtined from the control where neither cow dung nor inorgnic fertilizer ws pplied. No stlk yield ton/h (100% loss) ws obtined from the weedy check s result, high incidence of weeds nd therefore, no sucrose or juice ws obtined for qulity nlysis. This result grees with Grivstv nd Chuhn (2002) who erlier reported 100% reduction in stlk yield of sugrcne due to weed infesttion throughout the crop growth. According to Fdyomi (1996), poor soil nutrition nd hevy weed in the erly life of crop tends to stlk yield loss, high in fibre content nd low in juice qulity. However, there ws no significnt difference mong the vlues of stlk yield ton/h, lbortory percent brix, percent fibre, reducing sugr, pol, purity nd N in sugr obtined from chewing sugrcne treted with herbicides, nd tht of the hoeweeded (Tbles 3 nd 4). CONCLUSION From this study it is clerly determined tht better stlk yield ton/h nd juice qulity were obtined from the ppliction combined fertility rtes of cow dung with inorgnic fertilizer. And the ppliction of herbicides throughout the periods of the experiment did not ffect both the stlk yield nd juice qulity negtively. Therefore, ppliction of the lowest rte of combined fertility of 5 tonnes/h of ir dried cow dung + 60N 30P 2 O 5 45K 2 Okg/h with ny of the herbicides either diuroun or trzine ech supplemented with dimethmetryne 3.0 kg.i./h (post emergence) + hoe weeding t 2, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP cn be recommended for this type of ecology with sndy soil. REFERENCES ALLISON J.C., HASLAM R.J. (1985): Growth of sugrcne nd its nutrients in Zimbbwe. Proceeding of the South Africn Sugr Technology, June 1988, pp AYOTADE K.A., FAGADE S.O. (1993): Wet lnd utiliztion for rice production in Sub-Shrn Afric. Proceeding of n Interntionl conference on Wet lnd utiliztion held t Ibdn, Nigeri 4 8 November, pp BUSARI L.D. (): Sugrcne nd Sugr Industry in Nigeri. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibdn,. pp FADAYOMI O.C. (1988): Weed control in sugrcne with hexzinone nd in combintion with diuron. Journl of Agriculturl Science, Comb. 11: GRIVASATVA T.K., CHAUHAN R.S. (2002): Weed control in sugrcne. Indin Frming, 51 (11): HUSSAIN I., ATTA M., NAZIR M.S. (1990): Effect of NPK fertilizer pplictionon the growth, yield nd qulity of utum plnted sugrcne. Pkistn Sugr Journl, 5 (1): MACALINTAL E.M., URGEL G.V. (1991): Effect of rtes nd frequency of NPK fertilizer ppliction on the yield of sugrcne in Lipcly lom. Philipine Sugr Tech. Proceeding, 37: NEMA G.K., VAIDYA M.S., BANGAR K.S. (1995): Response of sugrcne to fertilizer nitrogen nd orgnic mnure in blck clcerous soils of Mdy Predesh. J. Soils nd Crops, 5 (2): PAYNE J.H. (1968): Sugrcne Fctory Anlyticl Control. The officil methods of Hwiin sugr technologists. Elsevier publishing compny, Amsterdm-London-New York, pp RAO I., SHARMA T.F. (1981): Time nd method of fertiliztion of cne, the bsis of cne yield. Experimentl Agric., 3 (3): 311. RAYER A.J. (1986): Response of groundnut to ppliction of FYM, nitrogen nd phosphorus on light sndy lom svnn soil of Northern Nigeri. Interntionl Journl of Tropicl Agriculture, 12 (1): SNEDECOR G.W., COCHRAN W.G. (1967): Sttisticl methods. Iow, USA, pp YANAM I., EMTERYD O., DINQUING L., GRIP H. (1997): Effect of orgnic mnure nd chemicl fertilizer on nitrogen uptke nd nitrte leching in Eumerthicnthrosols profile. Nutrient cycling Agro. Ecosystems, 48: Institute for Agriculturl Reserch/Deprtment of Agronomy. Ahmdu Bello University, Zri. Ntionl Cerels Reserch Institute, P.M.B. 8, Bid, Niger Stte, Nigeri. Received for publiction on November 1, Accepted for publiction on November 11, Corresponding uthor: A.K. Gn Ntionl Cerels Reserch Institute, P.M.B. 8, Bid, Niger Stte, Nigeri E-mil: ndrewgn2@yhoo.com 176

7 AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA VOL. 40 (4) 177