Challenges in zoo animal nutrition

Transcription

1 Challenges in zoo animal nutrition Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland Kraków 2018

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3 Approach to zoo animal nutrition

4 Approach to zoo animal nutrition do as we always did

5 Historical approach

6 Approach to zoo animal nutrition do as we always did

7 Approach to zoo animal nutrition do as we always did based on experiences what has been working

8 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working do as we always did sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

9 Example: tortoises Recommendations from successive editions of the same (German) textbook

10 Example: tortoises Recommendations from successive editions of the same (German) textbook Year Recommendation % fruits, 19% meat, 1% minerals Fruits: apple, pear, orange, banana, tomato, greens (grass, clover, salad) Meat: muscle, heart finely cut also canned dog/cat food If fruits not available: oat flakes, rice, dry dog food, cooked potato 1999 Leafy green vegetables, vegetables, fruits (apple, banana, pear, grapes, kiwi), sometimes canned dog/cat food, grain products Greens (herbs, low proportion of salad/vegetables), low amounts of fruits (lead to malfermentation and diarrhoea), canned dog/cat food should not be main component (cause gout), milk and grain products only in small amounts, hay always ad libitum, cuttlefish bone/egg shells

11 Example: tortoises Recommendations from successive editions of the same (German) textbook Year Recommendation % fruits, 19% meat, 1% minerals Fruits: apple, pear, orange, banana, tomato, greens (grass, clover, salad) Meat: muscle, heart finely cut also canned dog/cat food If fruits not available: oat flakes, rice, dry dog food, cooked potato 1999 Leafy green vegetables, vegetables, fruits (apple, banana, pear, grapes, kiwi), sometimes canned dog/cat food, grain products Greens (herbs, low proportion of salad/vegetables), low amounts of fruits (lead to malfermentation and diarrhoea), canned dog/cat food should not be main component (cause gout), milk and grain products only in small amounts, hay always ad libitum, cuttlefish bone/egg shells

12 Example: tortoises Recommendations from successive editions of the same (German) textbook Year Recommendation % fruits, 19% meat, 1% minerals Fruits: apple, pear, orange, banana, tomato, greens (grass, clover, salad) Meat: muscle, heart finely cut also canned dog/cat food If fruits not available: oat flakes, rice, dry dog food, cooked potato 1999 Leafy green vegetables, vegetables, fruits (apple, banana, pear, grapes, kiwi), sometimes canned dog/cat food, grain products Greens (herbs, low proportion of salad/vegetables), low amounts of fruits (lead to malfermentation and diarrhoea), canned dog/cat food should not be main component (cause gout), milk and grain products only in small amounts, hay always ad libitum, cuttlefish bone/egg shells

13 Example: tortoises Recommendations from successive editions of the same (German) textbook Year Recommendation % fruits, 19% meat, 1% minerals Fruits: apple, pear, orange, banana, tomato, greens (grass, clover, salad) Meat: muscle, heart finely cut also canned dog/cat food If fruits not available: oat flakes, rice, dry dog food, cooked potato 1999 Leafy green vegetables, vegetables, fruits (apple, banana, pear, grapes, kiwi), sometimes canned dog/cat food, grain products Greens (herbs, low proportion of salad/vegetables), low amounts of fruits (lead to malfermentation and diarrhoea), canned dog/cat food should not be main component (cause gout), milk and grain products only in small amounts, hay always ad libitum, cuttlefish bone/egg shells

14 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

15 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

16 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

17 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

18 Example: Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

19 Example: Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) Fruit 27% Insects 14% Fruit 40% Insects 5% Fruit 41% Insects 7% Fruit 37% Insects 8% Vertebrates 59% Vertebrates 55% Vertebrates 52% Vertebrates 55% Fruit 29% Insects 3% Fruit 39% Insects 16% Fruit 43% Insects 0% Fruit 34% Insects 3% Vertebrates 68% Vertebrates 45% Vertebrates 57% Vertebrates 63% various studies, e.g. Bueno et al. (2004)

20 Example: Coati (Nasua spp.)

21 Example: Coati (Nasua spp.) Gastropods 1% Refuse 3% Vertebrates 3% Spiders 11% Plant parts 26% Millipeds 17% Fruits 15% Insects 24% Alves-Costa et al. (2004)

22 Natural diets

23 Natural diets

24 Natural diets

25 Natural diets

26 Natural diets

27 Natural diets

28 Natural diets

29 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

30 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

31 No easy-to-harvest packages of tiny invertebrates

32 Unavoidable detritus ingestion in myrmacophages from McNab (1984)

33 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

34 Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull et al. (2015)

35 Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull et al. (2015)

36 Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull et al. (2015)

37 Natural diets There are no secret, species-specific ingredients! Formic acid in anteater formulas?

38 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

39 Two traditions in imitating natural diets

40 Two traditions in imitating natural diets Ratcliffe and Wackernagel Hediger

41 Two traditions in imitating natural diets Ratcliffe and Wackernagel a complete feed for each animal (group) (pelleted/extruded) Hediger natural feeds (forages, fruits/vegetables), that resemble the natural diet

42 Two traditions in imitating natural diets Ratcliffe and Wackernagel a complete feed for each animal (group) (pelleted/extruded) Hediger natural feeds (forages, fruits/vegetables), that resemble the natural diet atypcial physical structure some nutrients difficult to limit behavioural deficits selective feeding possible available feeds differ from in nutrient content from the natural diet

43 Frugivores don t eat supermarket fruit

44 Frugivores don t eat supermarket fruit

45 Frugivores don t eat supermarket fruit

46 % Frugivores don t eat supermarket fruit!"#$%&'(&)%*('(+,"&- 4#*+"&'+/='1%:)"'/#%"$)/%&'$/'3"1=#9)'?1@'@"#$%&'+/='>)*)%+,-)&A'' 2--'>+-#)&')[3")&&)='+&'*G\*'5)%'5)$*:%J'#/-)&&'1%:)"5$&)'&%+%)=I'!"#$%&' ()*)%+,-)&'.+/+/+' 0+""1%'!"#$%$&"'()$*$% +$"&"#%&$",-*$%%! %! %! %! %! %!!!!!! "#$!%&'(!)*%'&! $+!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4,-7--."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#" =.-- α!> %44(*- :*;4(#"- =.- α!>.--!"#$ %!#$ %&"&$ '"'$ (!"!$ (%"#$ )")#$ )"%*$ )"%&$ )"))%$ ##"%$ +"+$ )"(#$ ("'$ ((+$ (("%$ ()"%$ '"&$ #$ )"!'$ )"%,$ )"(%$ )"))#$,(*)$ +"+$ )")%$ 233-)' 45))%'31%+%1'!$."#%/-'0#*(&$% 12-'-0$%3$*$*$#%%! %!!!!!!!!!!./!%&'(!)*%'&! % % % %!!,-!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"%$ (#!$ (#"'$ &"'$ #"!$ &"!$ )")#$ )"(*$ )")#$ )"))($ %)"&$ +"+$ )"($ 6"+/*)' 4(*,"#%5%#()0)#(#% % % % %!!! +/!%&'(!)*%'&! %!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"%$ (!)$ (#"!$,"%$ *"&$ #",$ )"!+$ )"%%$ )"($ )"))($ #)$ +"+$ )"+$."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.-!")$ (,*$!,"#$,"*$ &"!$ (($ )"#+$ )"#*$ )"(+$ )")),$!*!)$!" )"%'$ 0)-)"7' 62("'%7,$80-.0)#%!!!!!!! "$!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- )",$ *($ (("($ &",$ (%"%$ %"($ )"+*$ )"!$ )")&$ )"))#$ (#"%$ %$ )"%$ 8$5$' 43$/+9:' 6&*()(/($%/0.(&(-#$! 92()$&($%-.0,$&0$%!!!!!!!!!!!!!! +-!%&'(!)*%'&!! "!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"+$ (+'$ %+"!$ (,"*$ (%",$ &"!$ )"!%$ )"!!$ )"(!$ )"))!$!("#$ +"+$ )"'+$."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- ("($ &!$ ('"*$,"*$!%"($ '"'$ ("%,$ )"#($ )"%'$ )")+$!#,)$ %,$ )"+%$ ;+3+7+' </=$>)' 4$,(&$%2$2$:$% 4(&;-,("'%0)/(8($% % % % % % % % % % % % %! -0!%&'(!)*%'&! %! #!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"($ (!+$ (&"+$ ('"+$ (&"#$ #"*$ )"%+$ )"($ )"%%$ )"))*$ (,*$!" )"++$."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- )"'$ '%$ (($ &",$ (!$ %$ )"+%$ )"%&$ )"(+$ )"))&$ ()!)$!" )")*$ ;:1%1&'+/='=)&$*/J'<E$-)';"$/&J'KLMKI' N/@1"E+%$1/'#&)='@"1E'O+/$&:'!11='01E31&$%$1/'P+,-)'+/='49:E$=%'!"#$%&'!"#$$%&'! B'(CD'2/$E+-'F+/+*)E)/%'G'2/$E+-'H)-@+")'H),G'<I!I';"$/&! 01/%+9%Q''' ' '' ' PR+--$/*'C#$&E+/'''''''''''''' <E+$-Q' ' ' ' ' %R+--$/*I:#$&E+/S5#"I/-' ;:1/)Q' '' ' ' ' TUMV?LAWXVKXYZUMM! courtesy Tjalling Huisman

47 Traditions in imitating natural diets

48 Traditions in imitating natural diets

49 Traditions in imitating natural diets

50 Traditions in imitating natural diets slide courtesy of Graham Law, Glasgow University

51 Traditions in imitating natural diets

52 Traditions in imitating natural diets

53 Traditions in imitating natural diets

54 Traditions in imitating natural diets

55 Traditions in imitating natural diets

56 Traditions in imitating natural diets

57 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

58 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model

59 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge

60 Fibre content depends on intended use Use Fibre content* Longevity Beef cattle 12 % DM app. 2 years Dairy cattle 18 %DM app. 4 years Feral cattle 30 % DM app. 25 years *historical recommendations for ration design

61 Fibre content depends on intended use Use Fibre content* Longevity Beef cattle 12 % DM app. 2 years Dairy cattle 18 %DM app. 4 years Feral cattle 30 % DM app. 25 years *historical recommendations for ration design

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64 Organism

65 Food Organism

66 Food Organism?

67 Food Organism

68 Food Organism essential food components

69 Food Organism essential food components non-essential food components

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71 Organism

72 Food Organism

73 Food Organism

74 Food Organism Many enzymes can be spared!

75 Food Organism

76 Food Organism essential food components

77 Food Organism essential food components

78 not essential for dogs essential nutrients: -! high protein requirement -! amino acids taurine and arginine -! arachidonic acid -! vitamin A (!-carotine useless) -! vitamin D -! niacine

79 ?

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81 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked

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83 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked

84 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked based on studies in zoo animals

85 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked based on studies in zoo animals scientific approach financially and logistically challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

86 Studies in zoo animals!case reports / case series!inventories of diets, pathological states, husbandry success!differences between free-range and zoo!epidemiological / controlled studies

87 Examples: case studies

88 Examples: case studies

89 Examples: case studies no control group

90 The classic problem repertoire Carnivore Red meat Calcium deficiency Primate Fruits & vegetables Calcium deficiency Fish-Eater Herbivore Thawed fish Hay & grains Sodium- and vitamin B deficiency Acidosis, vitamin E- and calcium deficiency

91 Examples: inventories

92 Grisham and Savage (1990) Examples: inventories

93 Examples: inventories Marholdt (1991) Grisham and Savage (1990)

94 Examples: inventories Marholdt (1991) Grisham and Savage (1990) rel. Life expectancy Müller et al. (2011)

95 Examples: inventories Marholdt (1991) Grisham and Savage (1990) concentrate selectors rel. Life expectancy Müller et al. (2011)

96 Examples: inventories Marholdt (1991) Grisham and Savage (1990) no direct association rel. Life expectancy Müller et al. (2011)

97 Examples: inventories Kibby Treiber - Plenary (2015)

98 Studies in zoo animals!case reports / case series!inventories of diets, pathological states, husbandry success!differences between free-range and zoo!epidemiological / controlled studies

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105

106 Examples: differences wild - zoo

107 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets e.g. Taylor et al. (2013)

108 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012)

109 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007)

110 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014)

111 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998)

112 Dental calculus

113 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998)

114 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus undesired GIT bacteria/non-diverse microbiome e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)

115 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus undesired GIT bacteria/non-diverse microbiome feeding-related dysbehaviour e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)

116 Great ape R/R

117 Great ape R/R

118 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus undesired GIT bacteria/non-diverse microbiome feeding-related dysbehaviour e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)

119 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus undesired GIT bacteria/non-diverse microbiome feeding-related dysbehaviour obesity e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007), Schwitzer & Kaumanns (2001)

120 Examples: differences wild - zoo obesity Vetion EAZWV Member online course

121 Examples: differences wild - zoo obesity

122 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

123 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

124 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies courtesy Christoph Schwitzer

125 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

126 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

127 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

128 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

129 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies => Fe! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage

130 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies => Fe! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage

131 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies => Fe! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage

132 Controlled studies often put animals at risk

133 Research in a zoo setting! lack of risk for zoo animals is usually a prerogative for a zoo study to be allowed! studies that shall have relevance for HEALTH mostly by definition require setups of more and less healthy options/treatments

134 Research in a zoo setting! lack of risk for zoo animals is usually a prerogative for a zoo study to be allowed! studies that shall have relevance for HEALTH mostly by definition require setups of more and less healthy options/treatments! typical risk-free nutrition studies in zoos with potential relevance: inventories, epidemiological studies

135 Research in a zoo setting! lack of risk for zoo animals is usually a prerogative for a zoo study to be allowed! studies that shall have relevance for HEALTH mostly by definition require setups of more and less healthy options/treatments! typical risk-free nutrition studies in zoos with potential relevance: inventories, epidemiological studies! typical risk-free nutrition studies in zoos with less potential relevance: measuring digestibility and digesta passage on used diets

136 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked based on studies in zoo animals scientific approach financially and logistically challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

137 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked based on studies in zoo animals scientific approach financially and logistically challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

138 Where is the information?

139 Where is the information?

140 Where is the information?

141 Where is the information?

142 Where is the information?

143 Where is the information?

144 Where is the information?

145 Where is the information?

146 Where is the information?

147 Where is the information?

148 Where is the information?

149 Where is the information?

150 Where is the information?

151 Where is the information?

152 Where is the information?

153 Where is the information?

154 Where is the information?

155 Where is the information? not in any one place

156 thank you for your attention