NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: FROM BOTTLE FEEDING TO GERIATRIC ISSUES

Transcription

1 NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: FROM BOTTLE FEEDING TO GERIATRIC ISSUES Marcus Clauss & Jean-Michel Hatt Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland EAZWV, Warschau 2014

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3 Zoo animal nutrition - nutritional diseases

4 Approach to zoo animal nutrition do as we always did

5 Historical approach

6 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working do as we always did sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

7 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

8 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

9 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time

10 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

11 Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull et al. (subm.)

12 Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull et al. (subm.)

13 Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Gull et al. (subm.)

14 Example: Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) Fruit 27% Insects 14% Fruit 40% Insects 5% Fruit 41% Insects 7% Fruit 37% Insects 8% Vertebrates 59% Vertebrates 55% Vertebrates 52% Vertebrates 55% Fruit 29% Insects 3% Fruit 39% Insects 16% Fruit 43% Insects 0% Fruit 34% Insects 3% Vertebrates 68% Vertebrates 45% Vertebrates 57% Vertebrates 63% various studies, e.g. Bueno et al. (2004)

15 Example: Coati (Nasua spp.) Gastropods 1% Refuse 3% Vertebrates 3% Spiders 11% Plant parts 26% Millipeds 17% Fruits 15% Insects 24% Alves-Costa et al. (2004)

16 Natural diets

17 Natural diets

18 Natural diets

19 Natural diets There are no secret, species-specific ingredients! Formic acid in anteater formulas?

20 Natural diets There is no single source of quantitative natural diet information on mammals.

21 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

22 Two traditions in imitating natural diets Ratcliffe and Wackernagel a complete feed for each animal (group) (pelleted) Hediger natural feeds (forages, fruits/vegetables), that resemble the natural diet atypcial physical structure some nutrients difficult to limit behavioural deficits selective feeding possible available feeds differ from in nutrient content from the natural diet

23 % Frugivores don t eat supermarket fruit!"#$%&'(&)%*('(+,"&- 4#*+"&'+/='1%:)"'/#%"$)/%&'$/'3"1=#9)'?1@'@"#$%&'+/='>)*)%+,-)&A'' 2--'>+-#)&')[3")&&)='+&'*G\*'5)%'5)$*:%J'#/-)&&'1%:)"5$&)'&%+%)=I'!"#$%&' ()*)%+,-)&'.+/+/+' 0+""1%'!"#$%$&"'()$*$% +$"&"#%&$",-*$%%! %! %! %! %! %!!!!!! "#$!%&'(!)*%'&! $+!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4,-7--."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#" =.-- α!> %44(*- :*;4(#"- =.- α!>.--!"#$ %!#$ %&"&$ '"'$ (!"!$ (%"#$ )")#$ )"%*$ )"%&$ )"))%$ ##"%$ +"+$ )"(#$ ("'$ ((+$ (("%$ ()"%$ '"&$ #$ )"!'$ )"%,$ )"(%$ )"))#$,(*)$ +"+$ )")%$ 233-)' 45))%'31%+%1'!$."#%/-'0#*(&$% 12-'-0$%3$*$*$#%%! %!!!!!!!!!!./!%&'(!)*%'&! % % % %!!,-!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"%$ (#!$ (#"'$ &"'$ #"!$ &"!$ )")#$ )"(*$ )")#$ )"))($ %)"&$ +"+$ )"($ 6"+/*)' 4(*,"#%5%#()0)#(#% % % % %!!! +/!%&'(!)*%'&! %!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"%$ (!)$ (#"!$,"%$ *"&$ #",$ )"!+$ )"%%$ )"($ )"))($ #)$ +"+$ )"+$."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.-!")$ (,*$!,"#$,"*$ &"!$ (($ )"#+$ )"#*$ )"(+$ )")),$!*!)$!" )"%'$ 0)-)"7' 62("'%7,$80-.0)#%!!!!!!! "$!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- )",$ *($ (("($ &",$ (%"%$ %"($ )"+*$ )"!$ )")&$ )"))#$ (#"%$ %$ )"%$ 8$5$' 43$/+9:' 6&*()(/($%/0.(&(-#$! 92()$&($%-.0,$&0$%!!!!!!!!!!!!!! +-!%&'(!)*%'&!! "!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"+$ (+'$ %+"!$ (,"*$ (%",$ &"!$ )"!%$ )"!!$ )"(!$ )"))!$!("#$ +"+$ )"'+$."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- ("($ &!$ ('"*$,"*$!%"($ '"'$ ("%,$ )"#($ )"%'$ )")+$!#,)$ %,$ )"+%$ ;+3+7+' </=$>)' 4$,(&$%2$2$:$% 4(&;-,("'%0)/(8($% % % % % % % % % % % % %! -0!%&'(!)*%'&! %! #!%&'(!)*%'&!."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- %"($ (!+$ (&"+$ ('"+$ (&"#$ #"*$ )"%+$ )"($ )"%%$ )"))*$ (,*$!" )"++$."(*/0-3*0-536-!36-7*89(- 6%4-7%- :- 1/- 6(- <#4,-!- <#4,-.- <#4, %44(*- :*;4(#"- α!>.-- =.- )"'$ '%$ (($ &",$ (!$ %$ )"+%$ )"%&$ )"(+$ )"))&$ ()!)$!" )")*$ ;:1%1&'+/='=)&$*/J'<E$-)';"$/&J'KLMKI' N/@1"E+%$1/'#&)='@"1E'O+/$&:'!11='01E31&$%$1/'P+,-)'+/='49:E$=%'!"#$%&'!"#$$%&'! B'(CD'2/$E+-'F+/+*)E)/%'G'2/$E+-'H)-@+")'H),G'<I!I';"$/&! 01/%+9%Q''' ' '' ' PR+--$/*'C#$&E+/'''''''''''''' <E+$-Q' ' ' ' ' %R+--$/*I:#$&E+/S5#"I/-' ;:1/)Q' '' ' ' ' TUMV?LAWXVKXYZUMM! courtesy Tjalling Huisman

24 Traditions in imitating natural diets

25 Traditions in imitating natural diets

26 Traditions in imitating natural diets

27 Traditions in imitating natural diets slide courtesy of Graham Law, Glasgow University

28 Traditions in imitating natural diets

29 Traditions in imitating natural diets

30 Traditions in imitating natural diets

31 Traditions in imitating natural diets

32 Traditions in imitating natural diets

33 Traditions in imitating natural diets

34 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked

35 Food Organism essential food components non-essential food components

36 Food Organism essential food components

37 not essential for dogs essential nutrients: -! high protein requirement -! amino acids taurine and arginine -! arachidonic acid -! vitamin A (!-carotine useless) -! vitamin D -! niacine

38 ?

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40 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked based on studies in zoo animals scientific approach financially and logistically challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

41 Studies in zoo animals!case reports / case series!inventories of diets, pathological states, husbandry success!differences between free-range and zoo!epidemiological / controlled studies

42 Examples: case studies no control group

43 The classic problem repertoire Carnivore Red meat Calcium deficiency Primate Fruits & vegetables Calcium deficiency Fish-Eater Herbivore Thawed fish Hay & grains Sodium- and vitamin B deficiency Acidosis, vitamin E- and calcium deficiency

44 Examples: inventories Marholdt (1991) Grisham and Savage (1990) no direct association rel. Life expectancy Müller et al. (2011)

45 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998)

46 Dental calculus

47 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus undesired GIT bacteria feeding-related dysbehaviour e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)

48 Great ape R/R

49 Great ape R/R

50 Examples: differences wild - zoo fibre in herbivore diets iron deposits in organs unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues tooth wear (browsers, bears) dental calculus undesired GIT bacteria feeding-related dysbehaviour obesity e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007), Schwitzer & Kaumanns (2001)

51 Examples: differences wild - zoo obesity Vetion EAZWV Member online course

52 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

53 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies courtesy Christoph Schwitzer

54 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

55 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies

56 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies => Fe! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage

57 Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies => Fe! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage

58 Approach to zoo animal nutrition based on experiences what has been working best approach do as we always did imitate the natural diet sometimes experiences are mistakes one has been making for long time depends on what you know about the natural diet, and what feeds are available use a suitable domestic species as model scientific compromise huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities are easily overlooked based on studies in zoo animals scientific approach financially and logistically challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

59 Where is the information?

60 Where is the information?

61 Where is the information?

62 Where is the information?

63 Where is the information?

64 Where is the information?

65 Where is the information?

66 Where is the information?

67 Where is the information?

68 Where is the information? not in any one place

69 ... from bottle feeding to geriatric issues...

70 Bottle feeding!... is it reasonable?! is it feasible (in terms of logistics)?! do you have a recipe and a dosage scheme?

71 Mammal milk composition Data from A. Riek (2008)

72 Mammal milk composition Data from A. Riek (2008)

73 Mammal milk composition Data from A. Riek (2008)

74 Mammal milk recipes from Kienzle & Landes (1995)

75 Mammal milk recipes

76 Mammal milk recipes

77 Milk replacer calculations

78 Milk replacer calculations

79 Milk replacer calculations

80 Milk replacer calculations

81 Milk replacer calculations

82 Milk replacer: mixing problems

83 Milk replacer: mixing problems

84 Milk replacer: mixing problems

85 Bottle feeding weight control

86 Geriatric issues

87 Geriatric issues

88 Geriatric issues

89 !typical sign: loss of condition! monitoring Geriatric issues

90 Condition monitoring

91 !typical sign: loss of condition! monitoring Geriatric issues!tooth wear adjust physical form of diet (roughage/pellets; whole prey/minced meat)!reduced digestive ability adjust energy content ( concentrates )

92 !typical sign: loss of condition! monitoring Geriatric issues!tooth wear adjust physical form of diet (roughage/pellets; whole prey/minced meat)!reduced digestive ability adjust energy content ( concentrates )

93 Announcements!Nutrition software

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95 Announcements!Nutrition software!next zoo nutrition conference

96 European Zoo Nutrition Conference Feeding zoo animals for health, welfare and conservation January 2015 Burgers Zoo, The Netherlands