Afghanistan. John F. Leslie Andreia Bianchini Debra Frey

Transcription

1 Afghanistan John F. Leslie Andreia Bianchini Debra Frey

2 Five Agriculturally Most Important o Aflatoxins (Regulated) Mycotoxins o Fumonisins o Deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes, e.g., T-2 o Zearalenone o Ochratoxin

3 What Was Done? Afghanistan MAIL and Deb Frey Trained staff Established and equipped a functional lab Collected samples from across Afghanistan Assayed raisins, nuts & wheat with Romer test kits Italy ISPA UPLC and LC-MS assays for trichothecenes in wheat Mycological analyses of flour Austria BOKU Quadripole MS assay for 6 different metabolites USA K-State and Univ. Nebraska-Lincoln Assay nuts and wheat with Romer test kits Test kits from Vicam and Neogen Mycological analyses of flour Synthesize results Test reliability of test kits

4 Ochratoxins Aspergillus ochraceus sweb1.dbv.uniroma1.it HOOC O OH O Kidney failure Cacao Nuts Grapes Coffee Wheat emsl.com H N H Structure of Ochratoxin A Cl O CH 3 H coffee-ota.org

5 Trichothecenes Two classes A & B, strains make only one type Both inhibit protein synthesis Most common in grains Type A very toxic T-2, HT-2 & DAS US Select agent list Purportedly used for biological warfare Type B not as toxic DON, NIV More widespread, especially on wheat Can be taken up through skin or intestinal mucosa Cause vomiting, diarrhea, & immune suppression

6 T-2 Killed s in Russia after WWII DON Becoming very widespread in US and Europe, especially where wheat and maize are grown DON is changing the economic landscape of the US Great Plains Fusarium is the main producer on grains, but other fungi and some plants also synthesize

7 Ergot Alkaloids Small Grains Wheat, rye, barley & oats An unexpected finding by Austrian group Not highly regulated (animal feed only) In small doses hallucinations (LSD) In other cases neuropathy and gangrene Gnostics and ancient Greeks may have used them to help people have visions Controlled by sorting ergot bodies from the grain before processing

8 Some Ergot Epidemics - Assyria 857 Germany 945 France 193 France 1692 USA 1926 Russia 1929 Ireland 1953 France 1958 India 1973 Ethiopia

9 Test Kit Performance Romer kits for aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) were reliable for all tested substrates Vicam kits for ochratoxin and DON were reliable for wheat Neogen tests for aflatoxin and ochratoxin were reliable for all tested substrates Vicam kit for aflatoxin did not work with wheat Romer test for T-2 toxin was erratic Neogen and Romer tests for T-2/HT-2 toxins gave many (Romer) and exclusively (Neogen) false positives in wheat

10 Nuts Results Aflatoxin Almonds 15/81 at export limiting level Pistachios 19/ at export limiting level Walnuts 8/25 at export limiting level Ochratoxin Almonds no contamination detected Pistachios 2/ at export limiting levels Walnuts no contamination detected

11 Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Almonds Aflatoxins Sattarbai Shokorbai Abdul Wahidi Qambari Sangaki and Murawaji Sample Type Others Sattarbai 13 Shokorbai 1 Abdul Wahidi 9 Qambari 13 Sangaki and Murawaji 15 Others 12 USA Regulations Balkh Herat Kabul Kandahar Samangan Province Balkh 22 Herat 9 Kabul 31 Kandahar 4 Samangan 6 USA Regulations

12 Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Pistachios Aflatoxins Korak Pushdara Khandan-e-safid Others Sample Type Korak 2 Pushdara 2 Khandan-e-safid 3 Others 3 USA Regulations Balkh Herat Kabul Samangan Province Balkh 7 Herat 4 Kabul 1 Samangan 6 USA Regulations

13 Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Walnuts Aflatoxins Zard Mazaari Takhari Korak Kaghazi Others Sample Type Balkh Herat Kabul Samangan Province Zard 8 Mazaari 1 Takhari 1 Korak 2 Kaghazi 1 Others 14 USA Regulations Balkh 7 Herat 4 Kabul 22 Samangan 3 USA Regulations

14 Austrian Screen Nuts Fusarium Alternaria Aspergillus Penicillium Butenolide Alternariol Cyclopiazonic Acid Andrastin A Epiequisetin Alternariol methyl ether Aflatoxin Andrastin B Equisetin Altersetin Asperfuran Agroclavine Fusaric acid Infectopyron Kojic acid Chanoclavin HT-2 toxin Macrosporin Malformin A Epoxyagroclavin T-2 toxin Tentoxin Malformin A2 Festuclavine Zearalenone Tenuazonic acid Malformin C Mycophenolic acid α-zearalenol Nigragillin Mycophenolic acid IV β-zearalenol 3-Nitropropionic acid Penitrem A Ochratoxin Paspalin

15 Raisins Results Aflatoxins could limit exports in 43/89 samples Ochratoxin could limit exports in 25/ samples Raisin type and drying method can be important Afghanistan and Austria results are discordant Choice of country to export to may depend on level of contamination

16 Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Raisins Aflatoxins MQ Round Green 26 MQ Long Green 14 HQ Shundurkhani 25 MQ Red 17 Sun Dried Shomali 3 Sun Dried Ghazni 11 Sun Dried Tayefee 2 Samll Red 4 2 USA Regulations 1 M.Q. Round Green M.Q. Long Green H.Q. Shundurkhani M.Q. Red Sun Dried Shomali Sun Dried Ghazni Sun Dried Tayefee Small Red Sample Type Herat 2 Kabul 67 Kandahar 15 2 USA Regulations 1 Herat Kabul Kandahar Province

17 Ochratoxin (µg/kg) Ochratoxin (µg/kg) Raisins Ochratoxin MQ Round Green 27 MQ Long Green 14 HQ Shundurkhani 26 MQ Red 17 Sun Dried Shomali 3 Sun Dried Ghazni 11 Sun Dried Tayefee 2 Samll Red M.Q. Round Green M.Q. Long Green H.Q. Shundurkhani M.Q. Red Sun Dried Shomali Sun Dried Ghazni Sun Dried Tayefee Small Red Sample Type Herat Kabul Kandahar Province Herat 2 Kabul 68 Kandahar 16

18 Austrian Screen Raisins Fusarium Alternaria Aspergillus Penicillium Fumonisins Alternariol Aflatoxin Andrastin A Alternariol methyl ether Aurasperon B Andrastin B Altersetin Aurasperon C Andrastin C Altertoxin-I Aurasperon G Chanoclavin Macrosporin Fonsecin Festuclavine Tentoxin Malformin A Mycophenolic acid Tenuazonic acid Malformin A2 Mycophenolic acid IV Malformin C Penitrem A Nigragillin Quinolactacin A Ochratoxin Pyranonigrin

19 Wheat Results International standards may be too high for Afghanistan safety because of the large amount of wheat consumed daily ( g/person/day Aflatoxins detectable in 23/151 samples Not a field contaminant of wheat Contamination likely occurs in storage DON 3/185 above international guidelines Not a major problem, but exists Weather and storage dependent Ochratoxin detectable in 36/181 Common problem in northern Europe Needs attention May carry over to meat T-2 and HT-2 Not reliably detected Ergot detectable 51/151 High incidence Easily remedied by cleaning grain

20 Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Aflatoxin (µg/kg) Wheat - Aflatoxin Asiabs Mill Grist Mill Warewhouses Naan Bakeries Commercial Flour Mills Sample Type Pakistan Flour Turkmenistan Flour Others Asiab Mills 45 Grist Mills 37 Warehouses 4 Naan Bakeries 22 Commercial Flour Mills 3 Pakistan Flour 1 Turkmenistan Flour 3 Others 2 USA Regulations Balkh Herat Kandahar Parwan Samangan Province Balkh 29 Herat 22 Kandahar 7 Parwan 25 Samangan 42 USA Regulations

21 Ochratoxin (µg/kg) Ochratoxin (µg/kg) Wheat Ochratoxin Asiabs Mill Grist Mill Warewhouses Naan Bakeries Commercial Flour Mills Sample Type Pakistan Flour Turkmenistan Flour Others Asiab Mills 32 Grist Millls 37 Warehouses 4 Naan Bakeries 22 Commercial Flour Mills 3 Pakistan Flour 1 Turkmenistan Flour 3 Others Balkh Herat Kandahar Parwan Samangan Province Balkh 18 Herat 21 Kandahar 7 Parwan 25 Samangan 42

22 Austrian Screen Wheat Fusarium Alternaria Aspergillus Penicillium Claviceps Beauvericin Alternariol Aflatoxin Agroclavine Ergocristine Enniatin A Alternariol methyl ether Averantin Chanoclavine Ergocristinine Enniatin A 1 Altersetin Averufin Citrinin Ergometrine Enniatin B Altersolanol Cycloaspeptide A Chrysogine Ergometrinine Enniatin B 1 Altertoxin-I Kojic acid Elymoclavine Ergosin Epiequisetin Macrosporin Methoxysterigm atocystin Mycophenolic acid Ergosinin Equisetin Tentoxin 3-Nitropropionic acid Questiomycin A Ergotamine HT-2 toxin Tenuazonic acid Norsolorinic acid Quinolactacin A Ergotaminine T-2 toxin Ochratoxin Secalonic acid D Zearalenone Sterigmatocystin

23 Conclusions The test kit used matters Sampling procedures are critical Pre- and Post-harvest processes both matter Nuts and aflatoxins Pistachios > Walnuts > Almonds Raisins Aflatoxins > Ochratoxin Type of raisin and drying method important Wheat Need to evaluate safety levels for Afghan diets Aflatoxin is a storage issue Fusarium toxins (T-2, HT-2, DON & Zearalenone) are minimal Citrinin + ochratoxin could enhance kidney problems Ergot high frequency, but relatively easy to fix

24 Questions? Where waters are murky, crocodiles lurk! - Old African saying