Konrad Dabrowski School of Environment and Natural Resources Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio U.S.A.

Transcription

1 Konrad Dabrowski School of Environment and Natural Resources Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio USA

2 Tingo Maria, Upper Amazon, Peru Growth rate of piraruku or paiche (Arapaima gigas), the largest and the fastest growing Amazonian fish (Alcantara F et al 2004)

3 Fish metabolic advantages over terrestrial animals Human health advantages resulting from seafood consumption Aquaculture production in Europe Cost of feeds in aquaculture Cost of individual dietary components Fish meal replacement Fish oil replacement Plant ingredients with novel functions Gossypol, saponins, quercetin, hydroxytyrosol, steroidinhibitors Research needs to facilitate wider/larger use of plant ingredients in aquafeeds

4 1 Aquatic organisms are poikilothermic, that means the maintenance energy requirement is lower than in terrestrial homotherms and affects food utilization 2 Aquatic organisms are ammonotelic in comparison to terrestrial animals that synthesize urea (ureotelic, mammals) or uric acid (uricotelic, birds), so there is no metabolic need to detoxify ammonia (energy loss)

5 3 Aquaculture facilities, culture ponds can be build in the areas unsuitable for other agriculture activities: poor land, river flood plain, swamp land, natural prairies lakes, water enclosures and cages Fish can be produced in rice paddies or rotated with agriculture crops 4 In developing countries fish are frequently the highest value protein in the diet In developed countries fish oils are recognized for reducing serum triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure, reducing plasma cholesterol and platelet adhesiveness In the end, fish consumption correlates with a decrease in coronary heart diseases

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10 Comparison of variable and fixed cost ($US) of channel catfish stocker production (D Abramo et al 2008 N Am J Aquacult) Low cost diet: 347% protein, 54% lipid, Cost $310/ton Yield 119 ton/ha Interest on variable costs $1,466 7% Fixed Costs $1,021 5% High cost diet: 351% protein, 68% lipid, Cost $378/ton Yield 145 ton/ha Other $3,046 14% Aeration $2,444 12% Fingerlings $5,807 27% Feed $7,320 35% High cost diet

11 $46,620, 10% $7,116, 2% $2,935, 1% $48,871, 10% Trout Production Costs $574, 0% $88,000, 19% $5,772, 1% $9,866, 2% $58,085, 12% $202,292, 43% Feed Juvenile Diesel oil & electricity Medicine & additives Interest & Marketing Labor Rent Repair & maintenance Interest & depreciation General overhead Fish production cost $258/kg Fish production cost $477/kg Sea Bass Production Costs $2,201, 1% $30,091, 8% $24,980, 6% $7,835, 2% $3,366, 1% $87,443, 23% $861, 0% $5,144, 1% $40,348, 10% $184,725, 48% Feed Juvenile Diesel oil & electricity Medicine & additives Interest & Marketing Labor Rent Repair & maintenance Interest & depreciation General overhead

12 Percentage cost breakdown of an Atlantic salmon grower diet (39% protein, 33% fat) (Higgs, DA 2008 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Vancouver, Canada, personal communication)

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14 Estimated global use of fish oil in compound diets in 2006

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17 R Hardy EAA 908

18 R Hardy EAA 08

19 Soybean meal Soybean meal protein concentrate Corn gluten meal Cottonseed meal Distiller s dried grainsolubles (DDGS) Rice protein concentrate

20 Histological scores (Posterior intestine) Proliferating cell 780 bc 716 bc 1262 a 1192 a 884 b 666 c nuclear antigen (PCNA) SBM Sections of posterior intestine immunostained for PCNA (ps) Antibody reacted against dividing cells at the base of intestinal folds lu: lumen

21 Weight gain of rainbow trout fed fish meal (control) and plant protein based diets supplemented with taurine (Gaylord et al 2006 JWAS 37: 509) Protein 44453%, lipid %

22 Ingredients Dietary treatment CM0 CM25 CM50 CM75 CM100 Menhaden fish meal Herring fish meal Cottonseed meal Krill meal Wheat middlings Maize gluten meal Yeast DLMethionine LLysine Menhaden oil

23 Parameters Dietary treatment CM0 CM25 CM50 CM75 CM100 Crude protein (g/kg) Lipids (g/kg) Methionine (g/kg) Lysine (g/kg) Total gossypol (μg/g) 3 Total nd (+)enantiomer nd ()enantiomer nd

24 Piketon, Ohio, experimental facilities of Ohio State University

25 Sampling procedures to evaluated effect of cottonseed meal in rainbow trout broodstock diets (II) Sperm Concentration Motility Fertilizing ability Seminal plasma Protein LDH activity Osmolality Gossypol Fertility test to estimate sperm quality 1 x 10 9 sperm/egg eggs 10 ml saline 05% in duplicate Incubation until eyedembryo stage at 1215 o C 2025 days

26 Sampling procedures to examined cottonseed meal inclusion in trout diets Rainbow trout London, Ohio, registered strain Blood Hemoglobin Hematocrit Growth Plasma Sex steroid hormones (RIA) Gossypol (HPLC)

27 Hemoglobin concentration in male rainbow trout fed different levels of CSM protein (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively) for 20 months Hemoglobin (g/dl) a ab bc c Dietary treatment d

28 Sperm fertilizing ability (fresh sperm) Survival of rainbow trout at eyedembryo stage Survival (%) a a a Dietary treatment b Year 1 Year 2 CSM0 CSM25 CSM50 CSM75 CSM100 (Ciereszko and Dabrowski 1995 BiolReprod ) b

29 Parameters Dietary treatment Pvalue for CM0 CM25 CM50 CM75 CM100 Linear Quadratic Gossypol concentrations (μg/g) 2 (+)gossypol nd ± ± ± ± 0086 < ()gossypol nd 001 ± ± ± ± 0094 < Total gossypol nd 016 ± ± ± ± 0174 < FDA approved limit of gossypol for human consumption is 450 ppm ie 500 times lower than the level obtained in trout muscle in the present study

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31 Final weight of male and female tilapia fed different levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively) for 16 weeks a a a Male Female Weight (g) x x x b y c z Dietary treatment

32 Food intake of tilapia fed different levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively) for 16 weeks Food intake (mg) Dietary treatment a d d c b Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 5

33 Concentration of gossypol in liver of tilapia fed different levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; diets 1 to 5, respectively) for 16 weeks (Rinchard, Dabrowski et al 2002 Aquaculture Internat) Dietary treatment (% CSM) 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% (+)isomer (μg/g) 13 e 229 d 513 c 723 b 959 a ()isomer (μg/g) 94 d 210 c 271 b 362 a Total (μg/g) 13 e 323 d 723 c 994 b 1321 a

34 Palm oil Soybean oil Rapeseed oil Olive oil

35 Fish oil replacement with soybean oil in Atlantic salmon diet (GrisdaleHelland et al 2002 Aquaculture 207: 311) Growth results Linoleic Fatty acids in fish tissues Heart phospholipids DHA Heart triglycerides Linoleic DHA Muscle total lipids Linoleic DHA

36 Effect of genistein in sturgeon (Acipenser sp) Experiments with phytochemicals in Nile tilapia on sex reversal Effects of soybean saponins on growth performance and immune boost in rainbow trout

37 Effect of genistein on Siberian sturgeon Fish were 15 kg and fed 4 months on 3 diets (Pelissero et al 1991 Gen Comp Endocrinol 83: 440) Vitellogenin concentration (mg/ml) Commercial diet % soybean meal, 30% casein (genistein) Casein 45% Time (weeks)

38 Female gonad (Control group) Male gonad (MTgroup) Ohio State University (all female) UJAT Tabasco (mixed sex) Villahermosa, Mexico

39 Ohio State University (all female) UJAT Tabasco (mixed sex)

40 Effect of diets of juvenile rainbow trout supplemented with soybean saponin extracts (Penn and Dabrowski, in preparation) No t Diet Control SPC SBM after extr SBMsaponins SBMflav SBM SPC after extr Quillaja saponins Casein Caseinhydrolysate Gelatin SBM SBMafter extr SBMSaponins SBMFlavonoids SPC SPCafter extr Saponins (Quillaja) Other ingredients (%): Dextrin ; Soluble fish protein concentrate (CPSP) 50; Cod liver oil 11; lecithin 30, vitamin mix 40, Mineral mix 30, Vitamin C 005, CMC 20, LArg 05, L Met 04, LLys 08, Choline chloride 10

41 25 Effect of dietary saponins on weight gain in rainbow trout after 8 weeks of feeding (Penn and Dabrowski, in preparation) 20 b b a b c Final weight (g) d cd e Initial weight Control SPC SBM SBM after saponins extract SBM SBM flavonoids Dietary treatments SPC after extract Quillaja saponins

42 1) Studies involving interaction of protein in the food, protein synthesis, protein deposition, metabolites Testing new hypotheses challenging ideal protein concept 2) Studies of food chain involved in effects of fish diet on quality of fish muscle (meat storage) and tests on mice/rat models (health promoting effects)

43 3) Studies of plant specific substances, such as appetite and growth promoters, sex reversal, immune resistance enhancers, antixoidants Isolation, testing, synthesis and use 4) Studies addressing the mechanisms of action of nutrients in all ontogenic stage of fish development Genomic, metabolomic and proteomic techniques 5) Prepare predictive models and conduct studies that would optimize (economize) aquafeed formulations based on current commodity prices

44 It is good to be wanted But it s more important to be needed

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46 Whole body concentration of taurine in Silver bream (Vimba vimba) juveniles raised on live and formulated diets (Kwasek, Dabrowski, 2009 CompBiochPhysiol in press) Fasting Postprandial Initial body weight :Final body weight