Innovations in Soy for Aquaculture. Michael C. Cremer, Ph.D. Aquaculture Utilization Director

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1 Innovations in Soy for Aquaculture Michael C. Cremer, Ph.D. Aquaculture Utilization Director

2 Forecast: Need to double aquaculture production in a decade Challenge: Identify economically viable and sustainable alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil

3 Soy-Based Aquafeeds All-plant protein diets using dehulled soybean meal as the primary protein source have been developed and are in use globally to culture the more than 30 mmt of freshwater omnivores produced annually

4 Future Aquaculture Growth Much of aquaculture growth is forecast to be in the marine sector Limited fresh water for industry expansion High demand for cultured marine fish and shrimp in response to reduced ocean capture landings

5 Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC) Good performance with SPC replacement for fishmeal in diets for many species being researched by U.S. soybean industry Gilthead Sea bream European Sea bass

6 Example: Cobia High soy diets performed as well as 64% fishmeal diet 3% fishmeal - with 40% SPC + 30% SBM

7 Advances in Soybean Research New research makes soy an even more viable option for sustainable aquafeeds

8 Soy Genome Sequence In 2008 a complete draft assembly of the soybean (Glycine max) genetic code was publicly released, making it widely available to the research community to advance new breeding strategies Ordered and localized about 5,500 genetic markers on the sequence that promise to be of particular importance to researchers seeking to optimize certain qualities in soybean Enabled resequencing of the 20,000 soybean lines that are stored in the National Plant Germplasm System to identify desired gene variances that are not currently captured by domesticated soybean lines

9 New Research Technologies Molecular Lab with cutting edge technology Analytical techniques allow for rapid new trait discovery and screening Reduces analytical costs from $100 s to pennies Discovery of genetic markers ID markers for key nutritional factors Accelerates release of new products

10 Fishmeal Replacement Generous Genetic Variation in Soybeans High protein soybean meals % CP Ultra-low oligosaccharides a.. < 1% Ultra-low trypsin inhibitors b. < 10,000 TIU a oligosaccharides - carbohydrates that inhibit digestion or cause allergic reaction in intestine b trypsin inhibitors - proteins that inhibit digestion

11 New Soybean Varieties have Attributes Beneficial to Aquaculture Potential to replace higher levels of fishmeal in aquafeeds Provide more flexibility in feed formulating

12 Soybean Development for Aquafeeds Genetic Improvement High-Protein Genetic Lines without: Oligosaccharides: stachyose, raffinose Trypsin inhibitor activity, TIU/g P34 allergen Lipoxygenase Lectins, mg/kg Phytate All non-gmo

13 Low Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides carbohydrates that inhibit digestion Poorly digested in monogastric animals - including fish Raffinose Allergic reaction - enteritis is some fish species (salmon) Poor energy utilization Stachyose

14 Advantages: High-Protein + Low Oligosaccharide Soybean Meal Fishmeal replacement (50%) with high-protein-low oligosaccharide soybean meal in salmon fry results in Equal weight gain as with fishmeal No salmon fry mortality No enteritis-marker molecules in the blood Improved amino acid digestibility Reduced output of metabolites = preserves water quality Increased pellet durability and increased oil absorption in pellets Attributes similar to Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC), but in a meal that is less expensive

15 2011 Ongoing Trials High Protein + Ultra-Low Oligosaccharides 1. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Norway 2. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss USDA ARS, Bozeman, MT 3. Cobia, Rachycentron canadum VCF, Saltville, VA 4. Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei AU, Auburn, AL 5. European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax CTA, Cadiz, Spain 6. Yellowtail Kona Kampachi, Seriola rivoliana KF, Kailua Kona, HI 7. Red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus TAMU, College Station, TX U.S. Qualified State Soybean Boards

16 Low Trypsin Inhibitors (TI) TI proteins that inhibit digestion TI also cause pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia (excessive development) Requires either heating (current method - high energy) or genetic removal

17 Advantages: High Protein + Low TI Paradigm shift in soy processing less heat required = energy savings Improved protein quality (less denaturing) Improved amino acid digestibility Pompano and yellowtail can be raised on soy-based, low fishmeal diets

18 Traits Can be Combined Stack high protein, ultra-low oligosaccharides and low trypsin all in a single soybean Research to test yield consistency and competitiveness of soybeans with combined traits

19 Low Lipoxygenase Lipoxygensase (LOX) enzyme that destroys essential fatty acids Off-flavors beany flavor that impacts palatability Development of Alternative Soybean Soy-based Products feeds with good palatability

20 Low Lectins Lectins protein-based molecules with a sweet tooth - attach to carbohydrates, mainly sugars low-grade toxins Immunosuppressive ability Sticky - binding powers can lead them to attach to the intestinal lining - interfere with nutrient absorption and damage the intestine Development of Alternative Soybean Products

21 Phytate antioxidant compound that reduces the utilization of phosphorus, minerals, and dietary proteins Objective to decrease phosphorus pollution from feeds Two genetic approaches Low Phytate Low phytate soybeans increased P uptake by fish High phytase soybeans P in more available form to fish Maintenance of water quality is critical to fish culturists using multi-purpose ocean waters

22 Other New Traits Being Evaluated Increase in key amino acids methionine limiting in soybeans Increase in α-tocopherol (preferred form of Vit E preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans) Reduction in saponins (can cause histological changes in intestine enteritis) Better soy for aquaculture

23 Fish Oil Replacement Alternative feed lipid regimes Use of a combination of vegetable oils, with no fish oil, for most of the production cycle, followed by a finishing diet with fish oil to allow accumulation of the very long chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA Collaborative research between Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute and Southern Illinois University

24 Soy Oils Fish Oil Replacement Blending of fish oil with either commodity soybean oil or high stearidonic acid (STA) soybean oil - no reduction in accumulation of the very long chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA Kampachi (yellowtail) - blending of STA soybean oil with fish oil produces more total omega-3 fatty acids in the flesh than 100% fish oil in the diet

25 Soy Oil Increasing displacement of fish oil with STA soybean oil up to 10:90 fish oil:sta soybean oil Current testing with Kona Kampachi will identify how much EPA/DHA is required in the diet of Kona Kampachi to ensure total omega-3 fatty acids in the flesh of the fish at harvest are not compromised Improving STA soybean - generated soybean with up to 3.5% of the very long chain omega-3 fatty acid, EPA, in the oil

26 Carotenoids Successfully stacked novel omega-3 fatty acid genes with high value carotenoid genes (astaxanthin and beta-carotene) into one soybean Applications for species where coloration is important, e.g. salmon High value carotenoids in soybean carotenoid astaxanthin up to 25 ug/g seed along with beta-carotene up to 980 ug/g seed.

27 Taurine Yellowtail fed 40% SPC replacement for fishmeal, with the addition of taurine, showing higher growth rate than fishmeal control diet SPC + taurine Fishmeal Control

28 Taurine from Algae China currently only source for taurine Univ. Nebraska - designing and testing strategies for production of taurine in algal cells Testing algae cell inclusion rates to allow for down-stream incorporation of a taurine producing algal feedstock Taurine production in algal cells

29 U.S. Soy - committed to assisting the global aquaculture industry to be environmentally friendly, profitable and sustainable Soybeans SBM and SPC Soy Oil & Lecithin

30 A Better Soybean U.S. Soybeans Renewable Scalable Responsibly and sustainably produced

31 Acknowledgements Schillinger Genetics United Soybean Board U.S. Soybean Export Council University of Nebraska Many U.S. and international R&D partners