The European Feed Value Chain

Transcription

1 EPSO: The European Feed Value Chain Managing residues and nitrogen in intensive cropping systems or Environmental impact of intensive production systems in non-ruminant farm animals Caspar Wenk Animal Sciences ETH Zürich CH

2 Switzerland Europe - Brazil km km²

3 The European Feed Value Chain: Sustainable Monogastric Animal Production Basics for a sustainable production of farm animals Health and wellbeing of animals Fertility and longevity Readiness to performance High product quality Cover energy & nutrient requirements Balanced number of animals per area

4 Agro food chain Plant Animal Man Feed Food Fuel - Fiber

5 Estimated Intensive Pig Production Areas Less farm animals per ha? Even the best feeding strategies cannot overcome all environmental loads caused by (too) intensive animal production Gerber & Menzi (2005) Source: LEAD/FAO work in progress!

6 Environmental impact of intensive production systems of non-ruminant farm animals - challenges and opportunities Caspar Wenk Animal Sciences - ETH Zürich - Switzerland CONTENTS Introduction Farm animals (what a challenge!) Performance and environment Animal nutrient requirements Optimal feeding and feed additives Conclusions

7 Pig Production: Standard Units for Nutrient Excretion in Switzerland in kg per year Agrarforschung 6/2001 Pig N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Mg Ca Fattening pig Breeding sow (incl. 25 piglets) Boar ,5 6 Sow lact Sow gest Weaned piglet 4,6 2,6 2,5 0,4 2 These values are based on standard diets. P- and N-reduced diets lead to a significant reduction of nutrient excretion (P and N).

8 Poultry Production: Standard Units for Nutrient Excretion in Switzerland in kg per year Agrarforschung 6/2001 Poultry per 100 birds,year N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Mg Ca Laying hen Breeding hens ,3 18 Broiler ,0 8 Fattening turkey These values are based on standard diets. P- and N-reduced diets lead to a significant reduction of nutrient excretion (P and N).

9 The European Feed Value Chain: Sustainable Monogastric Animal Production Nutrient and energy requirement and performance: Fertility and longevity: Nutrient and energy costs for parent animals and replacement Performance and sustainability: - The higher performance, the lower nutrient and energy costs for maintenance - The leaner growth, the better the energetic feed efficiency NE* E-Balance = 0 Maintenance Performance ME*

10 Feeding Strategies to Reduce Environmental Loads Form of retained nutrients influences feed efficiency Deposition of 1 kg fat free meat ME requirement MJ ME Deposition of 1 kg adipose tissue ME requirement MJ ME Correct for energy, but not for essential nutrients 1 kg lean tissue requires 4 times less energy than 1 kg adipose tissue

11 Nutrient Balance for the Production of Edible Protein by Farm Animals (Flachowsky, 2001) Requirements per kg edible protein Protein source performance total energy (GJ) crude protein (kg) Milk 5 kg FCM/d kg FCM/d kg FCM/d kg FCM/d Beef 500 g BMG/d g BMG/d Pork 300 g BMG/d g BMG/d Poultry meat 20 g BMG/d g BMG/d Eggs 50 % % 0.3 3

12 Amount of N, P & CH 4 at the Production of Edible Protein by Farm Animals ( Flachowsky, 2001) Excretion of farm animals per kg edible protein Protein source performance N (kg) P (g) CH 4 (kg) Milk 5 kg FCM/d kg FCM/d kg FCM/d kg FCM/d Beef 500 g BMG/d g BMG/d Pork 300 g BMG/d g BMG/d Poultry meat 20 g BMG/d g BMG/d Eggs 50 % %

13 K(TNO) K(red) K(TE1) K(TE3) integrated production organic Primary Energy in Pork Production hay grower feed piglet feed lactating feed sow feed fuel heating electricity FAL 211 (2000) MJ / t product (BM)

14 Environmental impact of intensive production systems of non-ruminant farm animals - challenges and opportunities Caspar Wenk Animal Sciences - ETH Zürich - Switzerland CONTENTS Introduction Farm animals (what a challenge!) Performance and environment Animal nutrient requirements Optimal feeding and feed additives Conclusions

15 Nutrients and Nutrient Requirement Nutrient content Food / Feed * Amount eaten Requirements Energy / nutrients Bioavailability -digestion - absorption - metabolism

16 Monogastric Nutrition: Protein and any other Essential Nutrients Strategy for a sustainable nutrition Concept (example protein) - Cover energy requirement - Cover protein requirement (avoid excess) - Use phase feeding - Sufficient Lysine per MJ ME (ev. crystalline Lys) - Concept of the Ideal protein (add other ess. AA) - High availability of amino acids (ev. improvement) - Reduce urea N (urine) excretion with NSP

17 Evaluation of Energy Requirements in Pigs MJ DE or ME / day Body mass (kg) Gelbes Buch 2004

18 Feeding According to Requirements: Exemple Protein (Growing Pig and Chicken) Phase feeding: All ess. nutrients: -Protein - P, Zn, Cu, Feed additives? g CP/ MJ ME Protein needs kg BW

19 Feeding According to Requirements: Exemple Protein (Growing Pig and Chicken) Phase Feeding: Diet 1: low protein Diet 2: high protein g CP/ MJ ME Diet II Diet I kg BW Continuous exchange of a diet with high protein by a diet with low protein

20 Recommended Protein und Lysine Supply Recommended protein und lysine supply (gelbes Buch, 2004) g/mj DE g/mj DE CP g/mj VES Lysine g/mj VES Body mass (kg) 0 Gelbes Buch (23004)

21 Ideal Protein for Pigs The ideal protein Optimal relation of ess. amino acids relative to lysine as ideal protein growing pigs Sow preg. Sow lact. Fuller et al. Cole CH CH CH Amino acid (1979) (1996) (2004) (2004) (2004) Lysine Methionine + Cystine Tryptophan Threonin Leucine Valin Isoleucin Phenylalanin + Tyrosin Histidine Arginin Use relevant essential crystalline essential AA

22 Effect of supplementation with synthetic amino acids on N excretion in pigs ( kg LW) Item Classical diet Lysine + threonine Lysine + threonine + methionine + tryptophan All essential synthetic amino acids Protein level (%) Dietary lysine (%) Daily gain (g) Feed/gain ratio CP intake/kg gain (g) N-excretion (g/d) Relative (%) % less N! Adapted from von Essen (1989)

23 Influence of Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSP) in the Diet on the Ratio N-urine/N-faeces in Pigs Jongbloed (2001) The more NSP, the lower urea-n in urine Degradation of urea-n is far faster than MO-protein-N: Less ammonia-n

24 Environmental impact of intensive production systems of non-ruminant farm animals - challenges and opportunities Caspar Wenk Animal Sciences - ETH Zürich - Switzerland CONTENTS Introduction Farm animals (what a challenge!) Performance and environment Animal nutrient requirements Optimal feeding and feed additives Conclusions

25 Byproducts of Food Industry in the Food Chain Agro food chain Plant Animal Man Byproducts Contribution of by products from food industry in the feeding of farm animals in Switzerland 2006 Claude Chaubert (ALP, 2006) Total concentrates Importance Contribution of by products Remarks (DM per year) Poultry t + 30% Pigs t % (2/3 CH 1/3 imported)

26 BSE and Meat Meal Today (2000) < 60 % as food (pig)! 5 to 10 % for cats & dogs 40 % and the rest? Meat meal Costs per year for the removal of meat meal: - Switzerland 25 Mio (1 500 to P) - EU Bio ( to P) - EU Mio to soybean meal Rodehutscord et al. 2002, AAN 56, to crystalline lysine

27 Additives may be classified into the following categories: Technological additives (e.g. preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilising agents, acidity regulators, silage additives) Sensory additives (e.g. flavours, colorants) Nutritional additives (e.g. vitamins, minerals, aminoacids, trace elements) Zootechnical additives (e.g. digestibility enhancers, gut flora stabilizers) Coccidiostats and histomonostats 2007: 2798 registered feed additives

28 PRONUTRIENTS Instead of ANTIBIOTICS for Farm Animals Technological additives (e.g. preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, acidity regulators, silage additives) Sensory additives (e.g. flavors, colorants) Nutritional additives (e.g. vitamins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements) Zootechnical additives (e.g. digestibility enhancers, gut flora stabilizers) Coccidiostats and histomonostats No antibiotics anymore! Performance (Growth) Health Nutrient needs Feed intake Nutrient availability

29 PRONUTRIENTS Instead of ANTIBIOTICS for Farm Animals PRONUTRIENTS as ALTERNATIVES medium chain FA combination of Cu & Zn Lanthanoids organic acids available nutrients enzymes probiotics herbs dietary fibers prebiotics

30 Minerals as AGPs ZnO CuSO 4 Rear Earth Elements It is well-known that especially ZnO CuSO 4 develop a pronounced antimicrobial activity in the digestive tract. Accordingly ppm CuSO 4 (piglets and fattening pigs) or up to 8000 ppm ZnO (piglets) have been used. There are obvious toxicological as well as environmental arguments against the use of such high doses. Recently Rear Earth Elements (Lanthanides) are evaluated as possible alternatives.

31 In EU & Switzerland the following maximal dosages are prescribed in mixed feed: Zn all species farm animals 150 ppm pet animals 250 ppm (milk replacer 200 ppm) Cu pigs until 12 weeks 170 ppm after 12 weeks veal calves sheep other species Minerals as AGPs 25 ppm 35 ppm 15 ppm 25 ppm (Denmark has again permitted the use of ZnO as AGP for piglets, ppm over 2 weeks after weaning with a med. prescription)

32 Influence of Different Se Sources on Parameters of the Se Metabolism in Pigs (n = 36, 40 days, 0,3 mg/kg Se-supplementation, Zhan et al., 2007) Parameter Unsupplemented Selenite Se-methionine control (0,045 mg Se/kg) GSH-Px-activity (U/mg) Liver Muscle Se-concentration (μg/kg) Serum Liver Musc. long. dorsi Kidney Flachowsky (2007)

33 Modes of Action Feed Digestion Organic Acids ph Suppression of undesired MO taste - feed intake ph of digesta (stomach & upper small intestine) Redox - potential (acid binding capacity) Stimulation of digestive fluid secretion Microbial growth / Eubiosis Mucosa structure Metabolism Organic acids as nutrients

34 ENZYMES: What can we expect from them? 1 2 Replenishment of lacking endogenous enzymes Better availability of feed nutrients Effect of an enzyme on performance d(e) 3 Inactivation of ANF: Phytate, inhibitors, mycotoxins, etc.

35 Phosphatases (Phytases) and Phytates free energy substrate product OH H C H C OH OH C H Inositol and Phytate PO 3 H 2 PO 3 H 2 OH O O PO 3 H 2 C OH H C C O H H PO 3 H 2 H H C C O H C C H O C C H H 2 O 3 P OH H O PO 3 H 2

36 P - Intake and P - Retention in the Growing Pig minimal P - availability kg P % 50% 37.5% 25% g P per kg feed P-retention P-excretion Assumptions: 250 kg feed ( kg BW) P - retention until 100 kg BW of 500 g

37 P - Availability (Digestibility) in the Pig % Phytase? 20 0 M-B-meal meat meal 50 meat meal 60 canola sorghum maize barley rice bran sojbean sunflower centraal veevoederbureau, NL (1994)

38 Phytase in Diets for Growing Pigs Conclusions: Phytase supplementation Growth performance Feed efficiency ratio d(e), d(n) d(p), d(ca), d(zn), d(fe), etc. Plasma values are influenced

39 Environmental impact of intensive production systems of non-ruminant farm animals - challenges and opportunities Caspar Wenk Animal Sciences - ETH Zürich - Switzerland CONTENTS Introduction Farm animals (what a challenge!) Performance and environment Animal nutrient requirements Optimal feeding and feed additives Conclusions

40 Environmental impact of intensive production systems of non-ruminant farm animals - challenges and opportunities Environment Digestion Nutrients Energy Availability Metabolism Health Performance Gut health Microflora Feed & water Palatability Feed intake No ANF Faeces min. N, P, Urine min. N (urea)

41 Agro food chain Plant Animal Health Performance Ecology Economy Man Health / safety Sensorial quality Convenience Wholesomeness Origin / Price / Energy (MJ/kg) Ess. nutrients (g/mj) Availability of nutrients No ANF, Toxins, No ANF, Toxins, Sensorial quality Ess. nutrients (g/mj) Energy Availability of nutrients

42 Thanks for your attention