ENHANCING PERFORMANCE BY INFLUENCING PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION

Transcription

1 ENHANCING PERFORMANCE BY INFLUENCING PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION Clémentine Oguey Pancosma S.A., Switzerland 34th day of South African WPSA Pretoria, Oct. 12th, 2016

2 INTRODUCTION Performance: main drivers Gut Microbiome Dietary components Nutrients Anti-nutrients Others? Animal physiology Digestion Immunity Endocrine system External factors Performance Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) costs (feed, health, )

3 INTRODUCTION What are plant extracts? Components naturally occurring in plants. Capsicum annuum Capsaicinoids Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamaldehyde Eugenia caryophylla Eugenol Curcuma longa Curcuminoids Origanum vulgare Carvacrol Allium spp PTSO

4 INTRODUCTION Plant extracts Components naturally occurring in plants Several methods of obtention o Ground powder o Essential oils (steam distillation) o Oleoresins (solvent extraction), tinctures (alcoholic extraction) o Nature identical compounds

5 INTRODUCTION Inconsistency of some plant extracts Composition of 4 Thymus EO (%) Components T. capitatus (commercial) T. capitatus T. herbabarona A T. herbabarona B α-pinene p-cymene Linalool Thymol Carvacrol Others Composition drastically varied among 4 Thymus EO Adapted from Cosentino et al Letters in Appl. Microbiol.

6 INTRODUCTION Inconsistency of some plant extracts MBC of 4 Thymus EO (µg/ml) Components T. capitatus (commercial) T. capitatus T. herbabarona A T. herbabarona B Y. entero colitica L. monocytogenes B. cereus S. cerevisiae Antimicrobial properties drastically varied among 4 Thymus EO Adapted from Cosentino et al Letters in Appl. Microbiol.

7 INTRODUCTION Plant extracts in farm animals Alternatives to AGP Already widely known However, they suffer from o a lack of transparency o inconsistency THE KEY FOR EFFICACY

8 EFFECT ON GUT ECOSYSTEM Antimicrobial effect? Phytonutrients have antimicrobial effects BUT at very high levels Lee et al., 2004, Int. J. Poult. Sci.

9 MODE OF ACTION OF PHYTONUTRIENTS Antimicrobial effect? The effect of these products is not associated to a direct antimicrobial activity in monogastrics Importance to test them at their recommended dosage in animal diets and to elucidate their real effect.

10 PLANT EXTRACTS AND EFFECT ON ANIMALS Targeting animal physiology: concept Limited to no effect Gut Microbiome Dietary components Nutrients Anti-nutrients Non-Nutrients Major target Animal physiology Digestion Immunity Endocrine system External factors Performance Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) costs (feed, health, )

11 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Targeting animal physiology: the use of models Transporters, Neuro-transmitters, Enzymes, Hormones And others Comparative physiology: exploits similarities and differences of the different living organisms Essential tool to understand and transfer (or not) knowledge among species Genomics & proteomics methods are very useful

12 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on digestion Bile acids secretion 120% 115% b Lipase activity (small intestine) U/1g of tissue b Fat digestibility 87% 86% % b 110% 40 a 86% 105% 30 85% 100% a 20 85% a 95% 10 84% 90% Control Capsaicin 0 Control PE 84% Control PE PE blend increases enzymatic activity and promotes fat digestibility from the diet PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo. a, b, P <0.05 Ganesh & Bhat et al., 1984; Jamroz et al., 2005 Bravo, Pirgozliev et al., 2014

13 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect Pathogen Detection by specific cells Identification Answer 1 2 Non specific innate immunity Specific acquired immunity + = Acquired immunity Specific to one antigen Longer but targeted defense E.g: antibody, lymphocytes. Lumen Inflammation Mucus Lesions = Innate Immunity Fast and non specific answer Energy high cost & destructive Ex: Macrophages, inflammation Gut epithelium Metabolism -

14 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect - Alveolar macrophages in vitro - 0 vs. 1 µg/ml LPS for inflammatory challenge - Ø vs phytonutrients - measurements: cell viability, NO production, production of TNF-α, IL-1β Effect on macrophage activity Without any challenge (= sterile condition) With LPS challenge (= on farm condition) Carvacrol No effect Cinnamaldehyde Capsicum oleoresin Curcuma Oleoresin No effect Garlic tincture Phytonutrients have an anti-inflammatory effect In challenging condition Liu et al Journal of Animal Science

15 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect The effect of phytonutrients depends on the context. Under farm conditions, cinnamaldehyde, turmeric oleoresin, capsicum oleoresin, have a potent immune modulating effet But each phytonutrient has a specific effect on immune modulation This involves considering various plant extracts depending on objective: production vs costs

16 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Mode of action - Weaned piglets - 0 vs 10 ppm capsicum oleoresin - Challenge with E. coli Haptoglobin: acute phase protein indicator of inflammation Capsicum limits over-reaction of immune system and reduces inflammation Liu et al Journal of Animal Science

17 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Consequence on gut function Control PE Villus surface area (µm 2 ) Control PE PE blend improves absorption surface & intestinal integrity PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo. Awaad et al., 2014 Garcia et al., 2007

18 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production - Meta-analysis 20 trials organized in 16 reports (incl. 12 peer reviewed articles) - 0 vs 100 ppm PE (standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleoresin) - Mean duration: 33.5 days AMEn (kcal/kg) Negative control P < 0.01 PE Lower limit of the 90% confidence interval : 50 kcal/kg PE blend increases AMEn in broilers Oguey et Bravo PSA

19 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production - Male broilers fed corn or wheat based diets - Ø vs. 100 g/t PE from d7 to 21 - evaluation of total heat production at 21 days of age Heat production (kcal/kg) Negative control P < 0.05 PE Net Energy for Production (kcal/kg DM) 1150 P < Negative control PE PE blend reduced maintenance requirements PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo. Pirgozliev et al., 2012, ASAS Joint Annual Meeting

20 PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production - Meta-analysis 20 trials organized in 16 reports (incl. 12 peer reviewed articles) - 0 vs 100 ppm PE (standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleoresin) - Mean duration: 33.5 days ADFI (g/d) ADG (g/d) FCR (g/g) NS P < % P < % 0 Control PE 47 Control PE 1.60 Control PE PE blend improved performance of broilers Oguey et Bravo PSA

21 PLANT EXTRACT AND IMMUNE-MODULATION A paradigm shift: moving to non-nutrition The gut immunity effect of some phytonutrients can also be exploited to increase the resistance of farm animals to diseases.

22 PLANT EXTRACT AND IMMUNE-MODULATION A paradigm shift: moving to non-nutrition Each phytonutrient has a specific effect on immune modulation The clarification of the mode of action of single phytonutrients enables to develop combinations targeting specific applications.

23 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Animal resistance to disease: synergies Broilers from d1 to d24 No additive or capsicum oleor., turmeric oleor. or both from d1 to 24 Oral infection with 2.0x10 4 sporulated oocysts E. acervulina at d14 Capsicum and turmeric have a synergistic effect on immune response a, b, c P < 0.05 Lee et al. 2010, J. Poultry Science

24 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Mode of action Pathogen Antigen Detection Identification Answer Specific acquired immunity Non specific innate immunity + = Acquired immunity Specific to the detected antigen Larger but targeted defense E.g: antibody, lymphocytes. Lumen + Mucus Inflammation Lesions Gut epithelium = Innate Immunity Quick and non specific answer Energy high cost & destructive Ex: Macrophages, inflammation Metabolism -

25 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH A new area of possible uses Examples of applications o Bacteria: Necrotic enteritis o Viruses: H5N2, o Vaccination programs

26 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: bacterial infection - broilers from d 1 to d 20 Necrotic enteritis (mixed infection E. maxima + C. perfringens) - Ø vs. 100 g/t PE - oral challenge with 1x10 4 oocysts/bird E. maxima at d 14 then 1x10 9 CFU/bird C. perfringens at d 18 + PE PE PE blend improves gut immune-modulation and reduces the virulence of the pathogen PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric oleoresins a, b, c, P < 0.05 Lee et al British Journal of Nutrition

27 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: bacterial infection Necrotic enteritis (mixed infection E. maxima + C. perfringens) - broilers from d 1 to d 20 - Ø vs. 100 g/t PE - oral challenge with 1x10 4 oocysts/bird E. maxima at d 14 then 1x10 9 CFU/bird C. perfringens at d 18 + PE PE blend limits gut integrity damage & reduces the negative impact of challenge on performance PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric oleoresins a, b, c, P < 0.05 Lee et al British Journal of Nutrition

28 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: viral infection PRRSv challenge model Haptoglobin: acute phase protein indicator of inflammation Ct (cycle threshold): number of cycles required to cross the threshold. The higher the Ct, the lower the viral load Capsicum limits inflammation and turmeric reduces viral load in case of challenge a, b, P < 0.05 Liu et al Journal of Animal Science

29 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: viral infection H 5 N 2 + Newcastle infection layers/treatment - 0 vs 100 g/t 100 g/t PE from week 24 - infection with Newcastle & H5N2 evidenced prior to trial PE PE PE PE blend favors birds recovery after challenge PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric oleoresins Unpublished data

30 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: combination with vaccines Antibody response to profilin (OD, 450 nm) Coccidiosis (E. tenella) a Infected Control b Infected Vaccine c Infected Vaccine+ PE DPI 0 DPI 9 a Infected Control b Infected Vaccine c Infected Vaccine+ PE Broilers from d1 to d26 0 vs. 100 ppm PE Vaccination at d7 against E. tenella with recombinant profilin Oral infection with 2.0x10 4 sporulated oocysts E. tenella at d17 Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulation 9 DPI mab/% Control Vaccine Vaccine + PE MHC II 10.6 c 21.3 b 54.7 a CD4 7.9 c 17.3 b 32.8 a CD c 23.3 b 44.2 a K1 1.9 b 2.1 b 1.8 b TCR1 2.1 b 3.6 b 9.0 a TCR2 6.9 b 9.1 b 30.0 a PE blend has a synergistic effect on immunity when combined with vaccination PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric oleoresins a, b, c, P < 0.05 Lee et al Veterinary Parasitology

31 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: combination with vaccines Coccidiosis (E. tenella) BW d26 (g) Broilers from d1 to d26 0 vs. 100 ppm PE Vaccination at d7 against E. tenella with recombinant profilin Oral infection with 2.0x10 4 sporulated oocysts E. tenella at d ab Uninfected Control c Infected Control bc infected +vaccine a Infected +vaccine + PE Oocysts / bird(x10 7 ) a b b Control Vaccine Vaccine + PE PE blend reduces subclinical signs of disease after vaccination PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric oleoresins Lee et al Veterinary Parasitology

32 PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: combination with vaccines Coccidiosis (mixed infection) -Broilers fed corn soybean meal, for 52 days - rotation program: nicarbazin + bacitracin up to d14, then salinomycin + bacitracin -PE + vaccine: vaccination at d g/t PE -At d14: infection to Eimeria spp via litter spray Rotation program PE + vaccine Rotation program PE + vaccine PE + Vaccine performs at least as well as a AGP-Coccidiosis rotation program PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric oleoresins a, b, P < 0.05 Brito et al PS Annual Meeting

33 The clarification of the mode of action of each single component enables to develop combinations targeting specific applications o Performance o Poultry resistance to disease To guarantee their consistency, their composition has to be standardized, and their mode of action needs to be clarified at dietary levels o Digestive physiology o Immunology The extended knowledge of the primary effects of these compounds opens new fields of utilization e.g. endocrine system

34 CONCLUSION Plant extracts: from Nutrition to non-nutrition Limited to no effect Gut Microbiome Dietary components Nutrients Anti-nutrients Non-Nutrients Major target Animal physiology Digestion Immunity Endocrine system External factors Performance Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) costs (feed, health, )

35 CONCLUSION The nutritional application of such products also involves taking into account not only nutritional but also, more & more NON-Nutritional physiological processes

36 Thank you Dankie 36