* Articular system II
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1 Articular system II
2 Hyaline Fibrous Elastic - Has an intercellular matrix rich in hyaluronic acid and mucopolysaccharides, which are natural lubricants - Forms the articular cartilage in most joints - Provides the anlage for long bone development - Has an intercellular matrix rich in mucopolysaccharides and bundles of collagenous fibers - Mucoplysaccharides provide high water content - Especially resilient and durable form of cartilage - Forms most symphyses and joint discs - Has an intercellular matrix rich in mucopolysaccharides and bundles of elastic fibers, which provide a strong, yet flexible, support - Forms the skeletal structure of external ear and the tip of the nose
3 Classification of the joints 1.Synarthrosis (immovable joint): 1)Syndesmosis 2)Synchondrosis 3)Synostosis 2. Diarthrosis (synovial joint, joint)
4 Complexity of the joints Simple joint Complex joint - two articular surfaces - more than two articular surfaces
5 Synovial joints Combined joint - Two anatomically isolated joints move together at the same time
6 Joints of the vertebral column Zygapophysial joint (simple plane combined synovial joint) Symphysis / synchondrosis Syndesmosis (Ligaments)
7 Intervertebral disc - Each disc composed of an outer fibrocartilaginous portion (annulus fibrosus) and an inner gelatinous central portion (nucleus pulposus) - Nucleus pulposus remnant of notochord Functions of intervertebral disc: - Permit limited movement between adjacent vertebrae - Nucleus pulposus compressible but deformable pad, that distribute forces over the entire surface of the vertebra
8 * The anterior longitudinal ligament (lig. longitudinale anterius) * The posterior longitudinal ligament (lig. longitudinale posterius) * The yellow ligaments (ligg. flava) elastic fibers! * The interspinous ligaments (ligg. interspinalia * The supraspinous ligament (lig. supraspinale * The intertransverse ligaments (ligg. intertransversaria)
9 *Flexion and extension along frontal axis
10 *Lateral flexion along sagittal axis *Rotation along vertical axis
11 Lordosis Kyphosis Lordosis Kyphosis
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13 *Adduction and abduction along sagittal axis
14 *Elevation and depression along transverse axis
15 Articular surfaces: *The head of the humerus the glenoid cavity of the scapula. *The glenoid labrum (labrum glenoidale) is on the circumference of the glenoid cavity. It increases its depth.
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18 *Simple spheroidal joint.
19 *Flexion and extension along frontal axis
20 *Adduction and abduction along sagittal axis
21 *Rotation and circumduction along vertical axis
22 Three articulating bones form three joints invested in a common capsule: 1) humero-ulnar joint (hinge joint) 2) humeroradial joint (spheroidal joint) 3) proximal radio-ulnar joint (cylindrical=pivot joint) Articular capsule embraces the olecranon, radial and coronoid fossae but leaves the epicondyles free.
23 Elbow joint
24 *Flexion and extension along frontal axis
25 *Pronation and supination along vertical axis *Combined movement in proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint
26 Articular surfaces The carpal articular surface of the radius and the articular disc (the distal radio-ulnar joint) scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones. Complex ellipsoid joint.
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28 *Flexion and extension along frontal axis
29 *Adduction and abduction along sagittal axis
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31 The hip joint (articulatio coxae)
32 The hip joint (articulatio coxae)
33 The hip joint Ligaments: 1) Lig. iliofemorale 2) Lig. ischiofemorale 3) Lig. pubofemorale 4) Zona orbicularis 5) Lig. capitis femoris
34 *Flexion and extension along frontal axis
35 *Adduction and abduction along sagittal axis
36 *Rotation along vertical axis
37 Complex bicondylar joint
38 Intra-articular ligaments
39 Extra-articular ligaments
40 Anterolateral ligament of the knee joint Hypothesized function - control internal tibial rotation, stabilize internal rotation
41 Origin on the prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle Insertion - the body of the ALL ran an oblique course to the anterolateral side of the proximal tibia. Anatomy of the ALL, S. Claes et al. J. Anat. (2013) 223, pp
42 Fig. 4 Anatomic drawing considering the ALL and its relationship with wellknown anatomical landmarks on the lateral aspect of the human knee. (A) Knee in full extension. (B) Knee in 90 of flexion. ALL, anterolateral ligament; LCL, lateral collateral ligament; GT, Gerdy s tubercle; LFE, lateral femoral epicondyle; PT, popliteus tendon; PFL, popliteo-fibular ligament. Anatomy of the ALL, S. Claes et al. J. Anat. (2013) 223, pp
43 1879, years before the discovery of X-rays, Dr. Paul Segond described a remarkably constant avulsion fracture pattern at the anterolateral proximal tibia as a result of forced internal rotation at the knee (Segond fracture)
44 Lateral and medial menisci of the knee joint (viscoelastic soft tissue) Functions of the menisci: - adapt articular surfaces of femur and tibia, increase their congruence, hence the stresses on tibial cartilage are reduced - to distribute loads and therefore reduce the stresses on the tibia, - joint stabilisation; - shock absorption; - joint lubrication; - cartilage protection and prevention of osteoarthrosis
45 Human meniscus Fig. 1. Human meniscus. (a) Right human knee joint viewed from above (the femur has been removed); the tibial tuberosity is on top. The medial and lateral menisci are connected by a transverse ligament (TL). 1 - anterior insertional ligament of the medial meniscus; 2 - posterior insertional ligament of the medial meniscus; 3 - anterior insertional ligament of the lateral meniscus; 4 - posterior insertional ligament of the lateral meniscus; ACL - cross section of the anterior cruciate ligament; PCL cross section of the posterior cruciate ligament. Karola Messner and Jizong Gao. The menisci of the knee joint. Anatomical and functional characteristics, and a rationale for clinical treatment. Review. J. Anat. (1998) 193, pp. 161±178
46 Karola Messner and Jizong Gao. The menisci of the knee joint. Anatomical and functional characteristics, and a rationale for clinical treatment. Review. J. Anat. (1998) 193, pp. 161±178 Fig. 2. Diagram demonstrating the importance of intact meniscal entheses for the load distribution function of the meniscus. (a) With intact entheses the load (thick arrows) is transmitted via the menisci and articular cartilage through a large contact area (left hand side of figure; small arrows). Part of the load is transformed to hoop stresses (right hand side of figure; long arrows). (b) When the insertional ligaments are transected (right hand side of figure; arrowheads), the meniscus will extrude from the knee joint during loading, and the load (left hand side of figure; thick arrows) is mainly transmitted via articular cartilage through a reduced contact area (small arrows).
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48 *Flexion and extension along frontal axis
49 Rotation becomes possible when the knee is flexed!
50 Articulatio talocruralis Complex saddle joint
51 Ankle joint ligaments Medial ligaments
52 *Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion along frontal axis
53 *Inversion and eversion along vertical axis
54 3 support points: Tuber calcanei Caput ossis metatarsi I Caput ossis metatarsi V Five longitudinal arches: from tuber calcanei to the heads of metatarsal bones (The longest arch is the second arch), Transverse arch (tarsal), in formation of this arch navicular, cuboid and cuneiform bones take part (the highest points of all the longitudinal arches)
55 - Weight distribution, amortization - Adequate blood supply of foot
56 *Simple bicondylar combined joint
57 Disc is made out of fibrocartilage with markedly anteroposterior alignment. Functions: 1) to diminish the effects of incongruence between the articular surfaces. 2) the disc acts as a shock absorber when the joint is subjected to impact loading. *The surfaces are complemented by a fibrous articular disc (discus articularis) located between them. The edges of the disc are joined to the articular capsule as a result of which the articular cavity is separated into two isolated compartments.
58 Articular capsule is attached along the borders of articular surfaces. The mandibular neck is within the articular cavity.
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61 A B *When the mandible moves laterally, one condyle (B) moves forward and inward, while the other condyle (A) will shift slightly in a lateroposterior (or rotate in vertical axis) direction
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63 Consequence of the answer: 1.Name of the joint (English and Latin) 2.Classification of the joint (simple, combined, complex) 3.Description of the essential elements of the joint (articular surface, type of cartilage, cavity and capsule) 4.Description of the ligaments. 5.Special features (bursa) 6.Movements
64 Which of the joint has intraarticular ligaments: 1) Shoulder joint 2) Hip joint 3) Elbow joint 4) Knee joint 5) TMJ 6) Wrist joint
65 Hyaline cartilage covers the surfaces of the joints: 1) Shoulder joint 2) Hip joint 3) Sternoclavicular joint 4) Knee joint 5) TMJ 6) Wrist joint
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71 Ligamentum bifurcatum: - lig. calcaneonaviculare - lig. calcaneocuboideum - key of Chopart`s joint Articulatio tarsi transversa (Chopart`s joint) combines two joints: - Calcaneocuboid joint - Talonavicular joint Ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea: Articulatio tarsimetatarsales (Lisfrank`s joint) The key of Lisfrank`s joint cuneometatarsal interosseus ligament between medial cuneiform bone and second metatarsal bone
Chapter 9 Articulations Articulations joints where two bones interconnect. Two classification methods are used to categorize joints:
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