Articulations. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres. Lone Star College North Harris Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcription

1 9 Articulations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College North Harris

2 An Introduction to Articulations Learning Outcomes 9-1 Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each category. 9-2 Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common synovial joint accessory structures and their functions. 9-3 Describe how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton. 9-4 Describe the articulations between the vertebrae of the vertebral column.

3 An Introduction to Articulations Learning Outcomes 9-5 Describe the structure and function of the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. 9-6 Describe the structure and function of the hip joint and the knee joint. 9-7 Describe the effects of aging on articulations, and discuss the most common age-related clinical problems for articulations. 9-8 Explain the functional relationships between the skeletal system and other body systems.

4 An Introduction to Articulations Articulations Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect Joint Structure Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion or ROM) Joint strength decreases as mobility increases

5 9-1 Classification of Joints Two Methods of Classification 1. Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint 2. Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint

6 9-1 Classification of Joints Functional Classifications Synarthrosis (immovable joint) Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)

7 9-1 Classification of Joints Structural Classifications Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

8 Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations

9 Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations

10 Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations

11 9-1 Classification of Joints Synarthroses (Immovable Joints) Are very strong Edges of bones may touch or interlock Four types of synarthrotic joints 1. Suture 2. Gomphosis 3. Synchondrosis 4. Synostosis

12 9-1 Classification of Joints Suture Bones interlocked Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue Are found only in skull Gomphosis Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament) Binds teeth to sockets

13 9-1 Classification of Joints Synchondrosis Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones Between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum Synostosis Fused bones, immovable Metopic suture of skull Epiphyseal lines of long bones

14 9-1 Classification of Joints Amphiarthroses More movable than synarthrosis Stronger than freely movable joint Two types of amphiarthroses 1. Syndesmosis Bones connected by ligaments 1. Symphysis Bones separated by fibrocartilage

15 9-1 Classification of Joints Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) Also called movable joints At ends of long bones Within articular capsules Lined with synovial membrane

16 9-2 Synovial Joints Articular Cartilages Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules Prevent bones from touching Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid Reduce friction

17 9-2 Synovial Joints Synovial Fluid Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts Functions of synovial fluid 1. Lubrication 2. Nutrient distribution 3. Shock absorption

18 9-2 Synovial Joints Accessory Structures Cartilages Fat pads Ligaments Tendons Bursae

19 9-2 Synovial Joints Cartilages Cushion the joint Fibrocartilage pad called a meniscus (or articular disc; plural, menisci) Fat Pads Superficial to the joint capsule Protect articular cartilages Ligaments Support, strengthen joints Sprain ligaments with torn collagen fibers

20 9-2 Synovial Joints Tendons Attach to muscles around joint Help support joint Bursae Singular, bursa, a pouch Pockets of synovial fluid Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

21 9-2 Synovial Joints Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints Prevent injury by limiting range of motion Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments) Articulating surfaces and menisci Other bones, muscles, or fat pads Tendons of articulating bones

22 Figure 9-1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint Medullary cavity Spongy bone Periosteum Fibrous joint capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Joint cavity (containing synovial fluid) Compact bone Synovial joint, sagittal section

23 Figure 9-1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint Bursa Joint capsule Quadriceps tendon Femur Synovial membrane Meniscus Intracapsular ligament Patella Articular cartilage Fat pad Patellar ligament Tibia Joint cavity Meniscus Knee joint, sagittal section

24 9-2 Synovial Joints Injuries Dislocation (luxation) Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule Subluxation A partial dislocation

25 9-3 Movements Three Types of Dynamic Motion 1. Linear movement (gliding) 2. Angular movement 3. Rotation Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion Monaxial (1 axis) Biaxial (2 axes) Triaxial (3 axes)

26 Figure 9-2 A Simple Model of Articular Movement Initial position Gliding movement Angular movement Circumduction Rotation

27 Figure 9-2a A Simple Model of Articular Movement Initial position Initial position of the model. The pencil is at right angles to surface.

28 Figure 9-2b A Simple Model of Articular Movement Gliding movement Possible movement 1, showing gliding, an example of linear movement. The pencil remains vertical, but tip moves away from point of origin.

29 Figure 9-2c A Simple Model of Articular Movement Angular movement Possible movement 2, showing angular movement. The pencil tip remains stationary, but shaft changes angle relative to the surface.

30 Figure 9-2d A Simple Model of Articular Movement Circumduction Possible movement 2, showing a special type of angular movement called circumduction. Pencil tip remains stationary while the shaft, held at an angle less than 90º, moves in a conical pattern to complete a circle.

31 Figure 9-2e A Simple Model of Articular Movement Rotation Possible movement 3, showing rotation. With tip at same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins around its longitudinal axis.

32 9-3 Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Terms describe: Plane or direction of motion Relationship between structures

33 9-3 Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Gliding Movement Two surfaces slide past each other Between carpal or tarsal bones

34 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Flexion Angular motion Anterior posterior plane Reduces angle between elements Extension Angular motion Anterior posterior plane Increases angle between elements

35 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Hyperextension Angular motion Extension past anatomical position

36 Figure 9-3a Angular Movements Extension Flexion Hyperextension Flexion Flexion Extension Extension Flexion Hyperextension Extension Hyperextension Flexion/extension

37 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Abduction Angular motion Frontal plane Moves away from longitudinal axis Adduction Angular motion Frontal plane Moves toward longitudinal axis

38 Figure 9-3b Angular Movements Abduction Abduction Adduction Adduction Abduction Adduction Abduction Adduction Abduction/adduction

39 Figure 9-3c Angular Movements Adduction Abduction Adduction/abduction

40 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Circumduction Circular motion without rotation Angular motion

41 Figure 9-3d Angular Movements Circumduction

42 9-3 Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Rotation Direction of rotation from anatomical position Relative to longitudinal axis of body Left or right rotation Medial rotation (inward rotation) Rotates toward axis Lateral rotation (outward rotation) Rotates away from axis

43 Figure 9-4a Rotational Movements Head rotation Right rotation Lateral (external) rotation Left rotation Medial (internal) rotation

44 9-3 Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation Pronation Rotates forearm, radius over ulna Supination Forearm in anatomical position

45 Figure 9-4b Rotational Movements Supination Pronation Supination Pronation

46 9-3 Movements Special Movements Inversion Twists sole of foot medially Eversion Twists sole of foot laterally Dorsiflexion Flexion at ankle (lifting toes) Plantar flexion Extension at ankle (pointing toes)

47 Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Eversion Inversion

48 Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) Plantar flexion (ankle extension)

49 9-3 Movements Special Movements Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) Reposition Opposite of opposition Protraction Moves anteriorly In the horizontal plane (pushing forward) Retraction Opposite of protraction Moving anteriorly (pulling back)

50 Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Opposition

51 Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Retraction Protraction

52 9-3 Movements Special Movements Elevation Moves in superior direction (up) Depression Moves in inferior direction (down) Lateral flexion Bends vertebral column from side to side

53 Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Depression Elevation

54 Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Lateral flexion

55 9-3 Movements Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape Gliding Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball-and-socket

56 9-3 Movements Gliding Joints Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial) Hinge Joints Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) Pivot Joints Rotation only (monaxial)

57 Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Gliding joint c le Clavi Manubrium Movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial Examples: Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints Intercarpal and intertarsal joints Vertebrocostal joints Sacro-iliac joints

58 Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Hinge joint Humerus Ulna Movement: monaxial Examples: Elbow joint Knee joint Ankle joint Interphalangeal joint

59 Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Pivot joint Movement: monaxial (rotation) Examples: Atlas Axis Atlanto-axial joint Proximal radio-ulnar joint

60 9-3 Movements Condylar Joints Oval articular face within a depression Motion in two planes (biaxial) Saddle Joints Two concave, straddled (biaxial) Ball-and-socket Joints Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)

61 Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Condylar joint Movement: biaxial Examples: Scaphoid bone Ulna Radiocarpal joint Metacarpophalangeal joints 2 5 Metatarsophalangeal joints

62 Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Saddle joint Movement: biaxial Examples: III II Metacarpal bone of thumb Trapezium First carpometacarpal joint

63 Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket joint Scapula Humerus Movement: triaxial Examples: Shoulder joint Hip joint

64 9-3 Movements Joints A joint cannot be both mobile and strong The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections ANIMATION Representative Articulations: A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

65 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate: At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints) Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)

66 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Intervertebral Discs Pads of fibrocartilage Separate vertebral bodies Anulus fibrosus Tough outer layer Attaches disc to vertebrae Nucleus pulposus Elastic, gelatinous core Absorbs shocks

67 Figure 9-7 Intervertebral Articulations Superior articular facet Intervertebral foramen Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral Disc Vertebral end plate Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Spinal cord Spinal nerve Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament

68 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Vertebral Joints Also called symphyseal joints As vertebral column moves: Nucleus pulposus shifts Disc shape conforms to motion Intervertebral Ligaments Bind vertebrae together Stabilize the vertebral column

69 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Six Intervertebral Ligaments 1. Anterior longitudinal ligament Connects anterior bodies 1. Posterior longitudinal ligament Connects posterior bodies 1. Ligamentum flavum Connects laminae

70 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Six Intervertebral Ligaments 4. Interspinous ligament Connects spinous processes 5. Supraspinous ligament Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum) 6. Ligamentum nuchae Continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)

71 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Damage to Intervertebral Discs Slipped disc Bulge in anulus fibrosus Invades vertebral canal Herniated disc Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus Presses on spinal cord or nerves

72 Figure 9-8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs T12 Normal intervertebral disc L1 Slipped disc L2 A lateral view of the lumbar region of the spinal column, showing a distorted intervertebral disc (a slipped disc)

73 Figure 9-8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs Compressed area of spinal nerve Nucleus pulposus of herniated disc Spinal nerve Spinal cord Anulus fibrosus A sectional view through a herniated disc, showing the release of the nucleus pulposus and its effect on the spinal cord and adjacent spinal nerves

74 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations Movements of the Vertebral Column 1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Lateral flexion 4. Rotation

75 9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movement(s) SKULL Cranial and facial Various bones of skull Synarthroses (suture None or synostosis Maxilla/teeth and Alveolar mandible/teeth Synarthrosis (gomphosis) None Combined gliding joint and hinge diarthrosis Elevation, depression, and lateral gliding Temporal bone/mandible Temporomandibular

76 9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movement(s) Flexion/ extension VERTEBRAL COLUMN Occipital bone/atlas Atlanto-occipital Condylar diarthrosis Atlas/axis Atlanto-axial Pivot diarthrosis Rotation Other vertebral elements Intervertebral (between vertebral bodies) Amphiarthrosis (symphysis) Intervertebral (between articular processes) Gliding diarthritis Slight rotation and flexion/ extension Slight movement

77 9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movement(s) Amphiarthrosis (symphysis) Slight movement VERTEBRAL COLUMN L5/sacrum Between L5 body and sacral body Between inferior Gliding diarthrosisslight flexion/ articular processes extension of L5 and articular processes of sacrum

78 9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movement(s) VERTEBRAL COLUMN Sacrum/coxal bone Sacro-iliac Gliding diarthrosisslight movement Sacrum/coccyx Sacrococcygeal Gliding diarthrosisslight movement (may become fused) Coccygeal bones Synarthrosis (synostosis) No movement

79 9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movement(s) Costovertebral Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Costovertebral Transverse processes of T1 T10 Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Ribs and costal cartilages Synarthrosis (synchondrosis) THORACIC CAGE Bodies of T1 T12 and heads of ribs No movement

80 9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movement(s) Sternocostal (1st) Synarthrosis (synchondrosis) No movement THORACIC CAGE Sternum and first costal cartilage Sternum and costal Sternocostal (2nd 7th) cartilages 2 7 Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement

81 9-5 The Shoulder Joint The Shoulder Joint Also called the glenohumeral joint Allows more motion than any other joint Is the least stable Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments Ball-and-socket diarthrosis Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

82 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Socket of the Shoulder Joint Glenoid labrum Deepens socket of glenoid cavity Fibrocartilage lining Extends past the bone

83 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Processes of the Shoulder Joint Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula) Project laterally, superior to the humerus Help stabilize the joint

84 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Ligaments Glenohumeral Coracohumeral Coraco-acromial Coracoclavicular Acromioclavicular Shoulder Separation Dislocation of the shoulder joint

85 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Muscles (Rotator Cuff) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor

86 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Bursae Subacromial Subcoracoid Subdeltoid Subscapular

87 Figure 9-9a The Shoulder Joint Acromioclavicular Coracoclavicular ligaments ligament Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Clavicle Acromion Articular capsule Subdeltoid bursa Synovial membrane Scapula Humerus Glenoid labrum Articular capsule Anterior view, frontal section Coraco-acromial ligament Coracoid process Articular cartilages Joint cavity

88 Figure 9-9b The Shoulder Joint Acromioclavicular ligament Coraco-acromial ligament Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Clavicle Coracoclavicular ligaments Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Coracohumeral ligament (cut) Coracoid process Subcoracoid bursa Subscapular bursa Subscapularis muscle Acromion Subacromial bursa Tendon of infraspinatus muscle Teres minor muscle Glenohumeral ligaments Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Scapula Glenoid labrum Lateral view of pectoral girdle

89 9-5 The Elbow Joint The Elbow Joint A stable hinge joint With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna

90 9-5 The Elbow Joint Articulations of the Elbow Humero-ulnar joint Largest articulation Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna Limited movement

91 9-5 The Elbow Joint Articulations of the Elbow Humeroradial joint Smaller articulation Capitulum of humerus and head of radius

92 Figure 9-10a The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments Humerus Radial collateral ligament Radial tuberosity Antebrachial interosseous membrane Radius Ulna Capitulum Annular ligament (covering head and neck of radius) Lateral view

93 9-5 The Elbow Joint Supporting Structures of the Elbow Biceps brachii muscle Attached to radial tuberosity Controls elbow motion Elbow Ligaments Radial collateral Annular Ulnar collateral

94 Figure 9-10b The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Annular ligament Articular capsule Antebrachial interosseous membrane Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Radius Ulna Olecranon of ulna Medial view Humerus

95 9-6 The Hip Joint The Hip Joint Also called coxal joint Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis Wide range of motion

96 9-6 The Hip Joint Structures of the Hip Joint Head of femur fits into it Socket of acetabulum Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum

97 9-6 The Hip Joint Ligaments of the Hip Joint Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral Transverse acetabular Ligamentum teres

98 Figure 9-11a The Right Hip Joint Iliofemoral ligament Fibrocartilage pad Acetabular labrum Ligament of the femoral head Acetabulum Transverse acetabular ligament (spanning acetabular notch) Fat pad in acetabular fossa A lateral view with the femur removed

99 Figure 9-11b The Right Hip Joint Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Iliofemoral ligament Lesser trochanter An anterior view

100 Figure 9-11c The Right Hip Joint Iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Ischial tuberosity A posterior view, showing additional ligaments that add strength to the capsule

101 9-6 The Knee Joint The Knee Joint A complicated hinge joint Transfers weight from femur to tibia Articulations of the knee joint Two femur tibia articulations At medial and lateral condyles One between patella and patellar surface of femur

102 9-6 The Knee Joint The Articular Capsule and Joint Cavity Medial and lateral menisci Fibrocartilage pads At femur tibia articulations Cushion and stabilize joint Give lateral support

103 9-6 The Knee Joint Seven Major Supporting Ligaments 1. Patellar ligament (anterior) 2. & 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior) 4. & 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule) 6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial) 7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)

104 Figure 9-12a The Right Knee Joint Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar retinaculae Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament Tibia Joint capsule Anterior view, superficial layer

105 Figure 9-12b The Right Knee Joint Femur Joint capsule Plantaris muscle Gastrocnemius muscle, lateral head Gastrocnemius muscle, medial head Bursa Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Cut tendon of biceps femoris muscle Popliteal ligaments Popliteus muscle Tibia Fibula Posterior view, superficial layer

106 Figure 9-12c The Right Knee Joint Patellar surface Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Cut tendon Medial meniscus Tibia Fibula Deep anterior view, flexed Anterior cruciate ligament

107 Figure 9-12d The Right Knee Joint Femur Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Medial condyle Lateral condyle Tibial collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Cut tendon Medial meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Fibula Tibia Deep posterior view, extended

108 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB Sternum/ clavicle Sternoclavicular Gliding diarthrosis Protraction/ retraction, elevation/ depression, slight rotation Scapula/ clavicle Acromioclavicular Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Ball-and-socket diarthrosis Flexion/ extension, adduction/ abduction, circumduction, rotation Scapula/ humerus Shoulder, or glenohumeral

109 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB Humerus/ulna and humerus/ radius Elbow (humeroulnar and humeroradial) Hinge diarthrosis Flexion/ extension Radius/ulna Proximal radioulnar Pivot diarthrosis Rotation Distal radio-ulnar Pivot diarthrosis Pronation/ supination Radiocarpal Condylar diarthrosis Flexion/ extension, adduction/ abduction, circumduction Radius/carpal bones

110 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB Carpal bone to carpal bone Intercarpal Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Carpal bone to Carpometacarpal of Saddle diarthrosis metacarpal bone thumb (I) Flexion/ extension, adduction/ abduction, circumduction, opposition Carpal bone to Carpometacarpal metacarpal bone (II V) Slight flexion/ extension, adduction/abduction Gliding diarthrosis

111 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB Metacarpal bone to phalanx Metacarpophalangeal Condylar diarthrosis Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction Phalanx/phalanx Interphalangeal Hinge diarthrosis Flexion/extension

112 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB Sacrum/ilium of Sacro-iliac coxal bone Gliding diarthrosisslight movement Coxal bone/ coxal bone Pubic symphysis Amphiarthrosis None Coxal bone/femur Hip Ball-and-socket diarthrosis Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation Femur/tibia Knee Complex, functions as hinge Flexion/extension, limited rotation

113 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB Tibia/fibula Tibiofibular (proximal) Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Tibiofibular (distal) Gliding diarthrosis and amphiarthrotic syndesmosis Slight movement Hinge diarthrosis Flexion/extension (dorsiflexion/plantar flexion) Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Tibia and fibula Ankle, or talocrural with talus Tarsal bone to tarsal bone Intertarsal

114 9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of Articulation Movements ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB Tarsal bone to metatarsal bone Tarsometatarsal Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement Metatarsal bone to phalanx Metatarsophalangeal Condylar diarthrosis Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction Hinge diarthrosis Flexion/extension Phalanx/phalanx Interphalangeal

115 9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations Degenerative Changes Rheumatism A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems Arthritis All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints Osteoarthritis Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation Generally in people over age 60

116 9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations Rheumatoid Arthritis An inflammatory condition Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease Involves the immune system Gouty Arthritis Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) Form within synovial fluid Due to metabolic disorders

117 9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations Joint Immobilization Reduces flow of synovial fluid Can cause arthritis symptoms Treated by continuous passive motion or CPM (therapy) Bones and Aging Bone mass decreases Bones weaken Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture

118 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Bone Recycling Living bones maintain equilibrium between: Bone building (osteoblasts) And breakdown (osteoclasts)

119 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Factors Affecting Bone Strength 1. Age 2. Physical stress 3. Hormone levels 4. Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion 5. Genetic and environmental factors

120 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Bones Support Body Systems Support and protect other systems Store fat, calcium, and phosphorus Manufacture cells for immune system

121 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Bones Support Body Systems Disorders in other body systems can cause: Bone tumors Osteoporosis Arthritis Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)