Bio 5/6 5 The Skeletal System Study Guide

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Name: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: 5 The Skeletal System Study Guide Period: The skeleton is constructed of two of the most supportive tissues found in the human body - cartilage and bone.

In addition, the bones provide a storage depot for substances such as lipids and calcium, and blood cell formation goes on within their red marrow cavities.

1 Name: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: 5 The Skeletal System Study Guide Period: The skeleton is constructed of two of the most supportive tissues found in the human body - cartilage and bone. Besides supporting and protecting the body as an internal framework, the skeleton provides a system of levers that the skeletal muscles use to move the body. In addition, the bones provide a storage depot for substances such as lipids and calcium, and blood cell formation goes on within their red marrow cavities. The skeleton consists of bones connected at joints, or articulations, and is subdivided into two divisions. The axial skeleton includes those bones that lie around the body's center of gravity. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs. Topics for review include structure and function of long bones and location and naming of specific bones in the skeleton. BONES - AN OVERVIEW 1. Figure A is a diagrammatic view of a cross section of bone, and Figure B, a higher magnified view of compact bone tissue. Label the corresponding structures on the figure diagrams. Central (Haversian) canal Concentric lamellae Lacunae Canaliculi Bone matrix Osteocyte A 8 1 Miss School, Miss Out

2. Figure A is a midlevel, cross-sectional view of the diaphysis of the femur. Label the membrane that lines the cavity and the membrane that covers the outside surface.

2 2. Figure A is a midlevel, cross-sectional view of the diaphysis of the femur. Label the membrane that lines the cavity and the membrane that covers the outside surface. Figure B is a drawing of a longitudinal section of the femur. Label the following structures: Diaphysis Compact Bone Spongy Bone Epiphyseal plate Area where red marrow is found Area where yellow marrow is found 3. List and describe the two methods of bone formation. Identify bones of the adult skeleton that are produced by one method or the other. a. b. 2 Miss School, Miss Out

AXIAL SKELETON - The Skull 4. Using the choices, identify the bones indicated by the following descriptions. Enter the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. a. Forehead bone b. Cheekbone c.

3 AXIAL SKELETON - The Skull 4. Using the choices, identify the bones indicated by the following descriptions. Enter the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. a. Forehead bone b. Cheekbone c. Lower jaw d. Bridge of nose e. Posterior part of hard palate f. Much of the lateral and superior cranium g. Most posterior part of cranium h. Single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor i. Tiny bones, bearing tear ducts j. Anterior part of hard palate k. Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections l. Site of mastoid process m. Site of sella turcica n. Site of cribriform plate o. Site of mental foramen p. Site of styloid process q. r. s. t. Four bones, containing paranasal sinuses u. Its condyles articulate with the atlas v. Foramen magnum contained here w. Middle ear found here x. Nasal septum y. Rears an upward protrusion, the "cock's comb," or crista galli z. Site of external acoustic meatus Ethmoid Frontal Hyoid Lacrimals Mandible Maxillae Nasals Occipital Palatines Parietals Sphenoid Temporals Vomer Zygomatic 3 Miss School, Miss Out

4 5. The following figures show lateral, anterior, and inferior views of the skull. Select different colors for the bones listed below and color the coding circles and corresponding bones in the figure. Complete the figure by labeling the bone markings indicated by leader lines. Frontal Parietal Mandible Maxilla Sphenoid Ethmoid Temporal Zygomatic Palatine Occipital Nasal Lacrimal Vomer 4 Miss School, Miss Out

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6 6. An anterior view of the skull, showing the positions of the sinuses, is provided in the figure. Label the corresponding structures on the figure. Then briefly answer the following questions concerning the sinuses. Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinus a. What are sinuses? b. What purpose do they serve in the skull? 6 Miss School, Miss Out

7 Vertebral Column 7. This figure shows superior views of four types of vertebrae. In the spaces provided below each vertebra, indicate in which region of the spinal column it would be found. Where indicated by leader lines, identify the vertebral body, spinous and transverse processes, superior articular processes, and vertebral foramen. 7 Miss School, Miss Out

8 8. This figure is a lateral view of the vertebral column. Identify each numbered region of the column by listing in the numbered answer blanks the region name first and then the specific vertebrae involved (for example, sacral region, S# to S#). Also identify the modified vertebrae indicated by numbers 6 and 7 in the figure Miss School, Miss Out

9 Thoracic Cage 9. This figure is an anterior view of the thoracic cage. Label the structures below and then label the subdivisions of the sternum indicated by leader lines. True ribs Costal cartilages False ribs Floating ribs Sternum 9 Miss School, Miss Out

10 APPENDICULAR SKELETON Several bones forming part of the upper limb and/or shoulder girdle are shown in the following figures. Follow the specific directions for each figure. 10. Identity the bone below. Insert your answer in the blank below the illustration. Label the corresponding structures in the diagram. Then, label the angles indicated by leader lines. Spine Glenoid Cavity Coracoid process Acromion 10 Miss School, Miss Out

11 11. Identify the bones below by labeling the leader lines identified as A, B, and C. Using the following terms, complete the illustration by labeling all bone markings provided by leader lines. Trochlear notch Trochlea Radial tuberosity Capitulum Deltoid tuberosity Head (three) Styloid process Coronoid process Olecranon process Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle 11 Miss School, Miss Out

12 12. This figure is a diagram of the hand and foot. Label the corresponding structures in the diagram. Label the individual carpals and tarsals. Carpals/Tarsal Metacarpals/Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneus and Talus 12 Miss School, Miss Out

13 13. This figure is a diagram of the articulated pelvis. Identify the bones and bone markings indicated by leader lines on the figure. Select different colors for the structures listed below and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the figure. Also, label the dashed line showing the dimensions of the true pelvis and that showing the diameter of the false pelvis. Complete the illustration by labeling the following bone markings: obturator foramen, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, ischial spine, pubic ramus, and pelvic brim. Coxal bone Sacrum Pubic symphysis Acetabulum List three ways in which the female pelvis differs from the male pelvis Miss School, Miss Out

14 14. The bones of the thigh and the leg are shown in the figure. Identify each and put your answers in the blanks labeled A, B, and C. Complete the illustration by inserting the terms indicating bone markings at the ends of the appropriate leader lines in the figure. Femur Tibia Fibula Head of femur Anterior border of tibia Head of fibula Intercondylar eminence Lesser trochanter Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Greater trochanter Lateral malleolus 14 Miss School, Miss Out

15 15. This figure is a diagram of the articulated skeleton. Identify all bones or groups of bones by writing the correct labels at the end of the leader lines. Then, select two different colors for the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram. Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton 15 Miss School, Miss Out

16 JOINTS 16. This figure shows the structure of a typical diarthrotic joint. Identify each of the following areas and the corresponding structures on the figure. Then, complete the statements below the figure. Articular cartilage of bone ends Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity a. The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is _?_. b. The resilient substance that keeps bone ends from crushing when compressed is? c.?_, which reinforce the fibrous capsule, help to prevent dislocation of the joint. 17. Which structural joint type is not commonly found in the axial skeleton and why not? 16 Miss School, Miss Out

17 18. For each joint described below, select an answer from Key A. Then, if the Key A selection is other than C (a synovial joint), see if you can classify the joint further by making a choice from Key B. Key A: Key B: Cartilaginous Fibrous Synovial Epiphyseal disk Suture Symphysis a. Has amphiarthrotic and synarthrotic examples b. All have a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity c. Bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue d. Joints between skull bones e. Joint between the atlas and axis f. Hip, elbow, and knee g. All examples are diarthroses h. Pubic symphysis i. All are reinforced by ligaments j. Joint providing the most protection to underlying structures k. Often contains a fluid-filled cushion l. Child's long-bone growth plate made of hyaline cartilage m. Most joints of the limbs n. Often associated with bursae o. Have the greatest mobility 17 Miss School, Miss Out

18 19. Identify the following types of synovial joints. State if the joint is uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial. 18 Miss School, Miss Out

19 Functional Categories of Joints 5 The Skeletal System Functions of Bones Organized into 2 Main Sections Structural Categories of Joints Appendicular Skeleton Types of Synovial Joints Classification of Bones Types of Bone Cells Important Hormones Bone Membranes Miss School, Miss Out

20 Chapter 5 - The Skeletal System Chapter Objectives Bones: An Overview 20. Describe the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular. 21. List at least three functions of the skeletal system. 22.Name the four main kinds of bones. 23.Identify the major anatomical areas of a long bone. 24.Explain the role of bone salts and the organic matrix in making bone both hard and flexible. 25.Describe briefly the process of bone formation in the fetus and summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life. 20 Miss School, Miss Out

21 Axial Skeleton 26.Name the bones of the skull. 27.Describe how the skull of a newborn infant (or fetus) differs from that of an adult, and explain the function of fontanels. 28.Name the parts of a typical vertebra and explain in general how the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae differ from one another. 29.Discuss the importance of the intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures. 30. Explain how the abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis) differ from one another. Appendicular Skeleton 31. Identify the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs. 32.Describe important differences between a male and female pelvis. 21 Miss School, Miss Out

22 Joints 33.Name the three major categories of joints and compare the amount of movement allowed by each. Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton 34.Identify some of the causes of bone and joint problems throughout life. 22 Miss School, Miss Out

23 Notes: 23 Miss School, Miss Out

o Diaphysis o Area where red marrow is found o Area where yellow marrow is found o Epiphyseal plate AXIAL SKELETON Skull

o Diaphysis o Area where red marrow is found o Area where yellow marrow is found o Epiphyseal plate AXIAL SKELETON Skull 64 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 7. Figure 5-2A is a midlevel, cross-sectional view of the diaphysis of the femur. Label the membrane that lines the cavity and the membrane that covers the outside