Webquest The Mystery of Bones

Transcription

1 Skeletal System

2 Webquest The Mystery of Bones

3 Written Response #1: Types of Bone Cells Type of Bone Cell Function of Bone Cell Drawing of Bone Cell Osteocyte Osteoblast Osteogenic Cell Osteoclast

4 Bone Cells

5 Types of Bone Cells Osteoblasts Immature bone cells Responsible for bone formation by secreting a matrix of organic compounds and mineral salts. Controlled by the level of Calcitonin hormone which promotes calcium to be deposited into the bone.

6 Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Mature bone cells enclosed in tiny capsules called lucanae the principle cells of bone tissue Maintain cellular activities of bone tissue, but don t carry out mitosis. these form rings called lamella around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels CANALICULI - tiny canals that link osteocytes

7 Types of Bone Cells Osteoclasts Cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium from the bones (erodes the bones) controlled by the Parathyroid hormone. Important in the dev., growth, maintenance and repair of bone tissue. Help to maintain blood calcium levels

8 Functions of the Skeletal System Support and protection of vital organs (Framework and muscle attachment.) Movement Facilitation Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation occurs in bone marrow Mineral Storage (salt, calcium, potassium.) Energy Storage

9 Organization About 206 bones in adults. Two Main Divisions: Axial & Appendicular

10 Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

11 Hyoid Bone

12 Appendicular Skeleton Limbs & Bones that connect to the: Pectoral Girdle (scapula, clavicle, arms) Pelvic Girdle (coxal bones, legs)

13 Written Response #2: Bone Classification Bone Classification Describe the appearance Function Examples Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

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15 Types of Bones

16 Coloring of a Long Bone - Handout

17 Written Response #3 1. If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why? 2. In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions? 3. In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ? 4. Considering how a long bone develops, what are the similarities and differences between a primary and a secondary ossification center?

18 Bone Structure Long Bone 1. Epiphysis (end) 2. Diaphysis (shaft) 3. Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage, padding) 4. Periosteum (membrane that covers entire bone)

19 Inside the Long Bone 5. Medullary Cavity hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum lining of the medullary

20 Types of Bone Tissue Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

21 Structure of a Long Bone

22 Review the Structure of a Long Bone Complete the following quiz as a warm up. Quiz Monday. Matching quiz at: 4v3

23 Osteocytes Volkmann s Canal Haversian Canal

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25 Compact Bone Bone Matrix Coloring

26 Test Yourself Find the... Haversian Canal Volkmann's Canal Canaliculi Lamellae Lacuna Osteocyte Perforating Fibers Periosteum Spongy Bone Compact Bone

27 Ossification & Bone Growth The process by which bones form in the body by replacing pre-existing connective tissue with bone. This occurs during bone development There are two types of bone growth: Intramembraneous bone growth Occurs in the skull Osteoblasts form osteocytes Endochondral bone growth Occurs in skeletal bones; also occurs in the growth plates of long bones. Hyaline cartilage turns to bone

28 Intramembranous Ossification

29 Endochondral Ossification

30 Bone Development & Growth 1. Bones first form as hyaline cartilage. 2. The cartilage then gradually changes into bone tissue - a process called OSSIFICATION PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

31 Bone Development & Growth Epiphyseal disk (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify

32 Resorption Osteoclasts - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

33 Bone Growth Coloring of the Aging Hand - Assignment

34 BONES! Season 1 Episode 14

35 Types of Joints (Articulations) Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures) Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae) Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

36 Synovial Fluid Synovial fluid: fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate Types of Joints: 1. Ball and Socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Saddle

37 Tendons and Ligaments Tendons: connect muscle to bone A band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from a muscle to a bone for attachment Ligaments: connect bone to bone A band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to another bone to provide a joint with structural stability

38 ACL Surgery ACL = anterior cruciate ligament PCL = poster cruciate ligament MCL = medial collateral ligament LCL = lateral collateral ligament

39 Bones as Levers - Activity

40 Bones of the Skull: Skull Labeling Assignment 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal 5. Sphenoid 6. Maxilla 7. Mandible - 8. Zygomatic -

41 Sphenoid Bone Named for its shape - a butterfly!

42 Sutures Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels) Fissure - any wide gap between bones

43 Sutures: Connection Points 1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

44 Fontanels are soft spots on an infant s skull

45 Topography of the Skull Foramen - refers to any opening in the skull, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Foramen Magnum Mental Foramen

46 Foramen Magnum

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48 Figure 6.10

49 Don t Need To Know Yup, these too. You Get the point! Nope As far as you are concerned, this is the occipital bone. Figure 6.10

50 Written Response #4

51 The Rest of the Bones: Human Skeleton Model Assignment

52 Vertebrae Neck = cervical Middle Back = thoracic Lower Back = lumbar

53 Thoracic Cage 12 pairs of ribs True Ribs = First seven Connects directly to the sternum False Ribs = Next five pairs Connects to sternum with assistance of cartilage. Floating Ribs = Last two pairs Don t connect at all.

54 Pectoral Girdle Two CLAVICLES (collarbones) Two SCAPULAS (shoulder blade)

55 Bones of the Arm Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb

56 Wrist Bones Wrist - 8 small bones called carpals Metacarpals (hand) Phalanges (fingers)

57 Carpal Labeling - Assignment Assignment Carpels Labeling

58 Pelvic Girdle two large Coxal Bones (separated)

59 Pelvic Girdle The sacrum is between coxal bones, coccyx is the tailbone COXAL COXAL

60 Bones of the Leg Femur upper leg Patella knee cap Tibia and Fibula lower leg

61 Bones of the Ankle: Carpals Labeling - Assignment Tarsals: ankle and upper foot - 7 bones Calcaneous: large heel bone Foot = metatarsals Toes = phalanges

62 Medical Imaging - Handout

63 Broken Bones

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66 Bone Disorders 1. Bone spurs (osteophytes) occur when the body grows small projections on the edges of bones

67 2. Plantar fasciitis common cause of heel pain. inflammation of the plantar fascia walking can be painful

68 3. OSTEOPOROSIS Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, bones become more fragile The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.

69 You Tube video called Osteoporosis can be found at Causes of Osteoporosis 1. Lack of exercise 2. Poor diet 3. Genetics 4. Ethnicity 5. Gender

70 Why do older people break their hips? A femoral neck fracture is common among older adults and can be related to osteoporosis. This type of fracture may cause a complication because the break usually cuts off the blood supply to the head of the femur.

71 Hip Replacement Surgery

72 4. Rheumatoid arthritis an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity Source:

73 4. Rickets This preventable bone disease affects young children and is caused by a deficiency of the nutrient vitamin D. Rickets causes weak, brittle bones that fracture easily and bone and muscle pain.

74 Abnormalities of the Spine KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region. Curvature of the spine video

75 Abnormalities of the Spine ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive: soft tissue regrows as bone. Sufferers are slowly imprisoned by their own skeletons

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77 Herniated Discs (Slipped Discs) Rupture of the fibrocartilage discs Usually caused by compression forces Usually occurs between L4 and L5 or L5 and the 1st Sacral Vertebrae Disc protrudes and exerts pressure on spinal nerves To decrease risk of herniated discs: 1. maintain optimal body weight 2. strengthen abdominal muscles 3. increase lower back flexibility

78 You Tube Video called Disc Protrusion found at Herniated Disc

79 You Tube Video called Spina Bifida Animation can be found at Spina Bifida congenital defect where the neural arch fails to unite usually involves the lumbar vertebrae symptoms may be mild to severe usually results in paralysis partial or complete loss of bladder control absence of reflexes can be diagnosed during pregnancy by sonography, amniocentesis, blood tests

80 Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies. The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total. The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5 mph.

81 Male Vs Female Skeletal Structure Male Pelvic cavity narrower and less roomier. Coccyx less movable Sacrum long, narrower with concavity. Larger joint surfaces Smaller pelvic arch. Pelvic heavy and thick. Female Pelvic cavity wider, deeper. Coccyx more movable. Sacrum short, wide nearly flat with forward curvature in lower part. Pelvic light and thin. Smaller joint surfaces. Pelvic arch wider than males.