Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 56 (3), Modena
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1 ' PA E O N TO O G I C A S. P. I. SOCI ETA I TA I A N A Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 56 (3), Modena econstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: size, shape, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny of Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae) from Neumark-Nord 1 (Germany) Asier arramendi, Maria ita Palombo & Federica Marano A. arramendi, EoFauna Scientific esearch, Errondo pasalekua 6, 10c Donostia, Navarre, Spain; larramendi.asier@eofauna.com M.. Palombo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università a Sapienza di oma, P.le A. Moro 5, I oma, Italy; IGAG-CN, Montelibretti, Area della icerca di oma 1- Montelibretti, Via Salaria km I Monterotondo, oma, Italy; mariarita.palombo@uniroma1.it F. Marano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università a Sapienza di oma, P.le A. Moro 5, I oma, Italy; federica.marano@uniroma1.it SUPPEMENTAY ONINE MATEIA 1 Tab. S1 - Measurements of the cranium of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23B specimens; e: estimated. Cranium 175-E23B ength from top of cranium to the tip of premaxilla 1340e 1520e ength from condyles to the tip of premaxilla 1140e 1250e Distance from skull apex to masticatory molar surface 960e 1100e Maximum width of the occiput 992e 1100e Maximum distal width of the right premaxilla side Maximum distal width of the premaxilla 970e 1048e ength of the premaxilla ength of the premaxilla along the suture line ength of the suture line Distance between the middle point of the coanae and lateral edge of the alveolus Maximum width of the fan between lacrimals e Maximum zygomatic width Maximum distance between orbits 730 >790 Maximum width of the nasal opening Minimum width of frontal bones Maximum diameter of the alveolus Maximum width of the occipital condyles Tab. S2 - Measurements of the mandible of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23A specimens; e: estimated. Mandible Maximum length of the lower jaw (34) 809 Maximum breadth of the jaw (28) 555e ower jaw deepth (25) 339e Maximum height of the ascending branch (24) 472 ength from the anterior edge of alveola of molar teeth to end of the branch 597 Maximum breadth of horizontal branches 550e Distance between horizontal branches (at the level of posterior edge of alveoli) 205 Maximum breadth of horizontal branches (at the level of anterior edge of alveoli) 136 Maximum breadth of horizontal branches 550e
2 ii Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 56 (3), 2017 Tab. S3 - Measurements of the teeth M3 and m3 of Palaeoloxodon antiquus from Neumark Nord sample. Molar M3 m3 Plates number Maximum length Maximum width Maximum height Enamel thickness amellar frequency Tab. S4 - Measurements of Atlas vertebrae of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23A specimens; e: estimated. Atlas 175-E23A Maximum width 485e 480e Maximum height ength of the corpus Maximum width of the cranial articulation Maximum height of the cranial articulation Maximum width of the caudal articulation Maximum width of the caudal articulation Maximum width of the neural arch Maximum length of the neural arch Tab. S5 - Measurements of Axis vertebrae of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23A specimens. Axis 175-E23A Maximum width Maximum height Maximum length (antero-posterior diameter) with apophysis Maximum length (antero-posterior diameter) without apophysis Maximum dorsal width Maximum width of the cranial articulation Maximum height of the cranial articulation Maximum width of the caudal articulation Maximum height of the caudal articulation Tab. S6 - Measurements of cervical vertebrae of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23A specimens. Cervicals C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Maximum width of the vertebrae ( ) Maximum width of the vertebrae (175-E23A) Maximum height of the vertebrae ( ) Maximum height of the vertebrae (175-E23A) Maximum width of the cranial articulation ( ) Maximum width of the cranial articulation (175-E23A) Maximum height of the cranial articulation ( ) Maximum height of the cranial articulation (175-E23A) Maximum width of the caudal articulation ( ) Maximum width of the caudal articulation (175-E23A) Maximum height of the caudal articulation ( ) Maximum height of the caudal articulation (175-E23A)
3 A. arramendi et alii - Supplementary Online Material 1 iii Tab. S7 - Measurements of thoracic vertebrae of Palaeoloxodon antiquus 175-E23A specimen; e: estimated. Thoracics T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T9 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T18 T19 Maximum width of the vertebrae Maximum height of the vertebrae e 520e 540e 510e 515e 513e 502e 495e 470e - - Height of the spinosus process e 567e e e 315e 305e Maximum width of the cranial articulation Maximum height of the cranial articulation Maximum width of the caudal articulation Maximum height of the caudal articulation Tab. S8 - Measurements of lumbar vertebrae of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23A specimens; e: estimated. umbar Maximum width of the vertebrae ( ) 307e 350e 335e 302e Maximum width of the vertebrae (175-E23A) Maximum height of the vertebrae ( ) Maximum height of the vertebrae (175-E23A) Height of the spinosus process ( ) Height of the spinosus process (175-E23A) Maximum width of the cranial articulation ( ) Maximum width of the cranial articulation (175-E23A) Maximum height of the cranial articulation ( ) Maximum height of the cranial articulation (175-E23A) Maximum width of the caudal articulation ( ) Maximum width of the caudal articulation (175-E23A) Maximum height of the caudal articulation ( ) Maximum height of the caudal articulation (175-E23A) Tab. S9 - Measurements of the sacrum vertebrae of Palaeoloxodon antiquus and 175-E23A specimens; e: estimated. Sacrum 175-E23A Maximum width e Maximum height Maximum length Ventral length of the corpus Maximum width of the cranial articulation Maximum height of the cranial articulation Tab. S10 - Measurements of the Scapula of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, 175-E23B, 176-E24A, male specimens and,, 176-E24B female specimens. To estimate the dorsal epiphysis size, a conservative 8% was added to the scapula preserved length; e: estimated; () included the estimated epiphysis length. Scapula Maximum length excluding dorsal epiphysis Maximum length including dorsal epiphysis Articular length excluding dorsal epiphysis Articular length including dorsal epiphysis >1000 (>1080) 980 (1058) 175-E23B >1080 (>1166) 1050 (1134) 820 (886) 176-E24A 1060 (1145) 1070 (1156) Maximum width - > E24B Width of scapular neck e Glenoid articular length Glenoid articular width (858) 1030 (1112) 1020 (1102)
4 iv Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 56 (3), 2017 Tab. S11 - Measurements of the Humerus of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, 176-E24A, male specimens and, female specimen. Humerus 176-E24A Maximum length Articular length >1230 >836 Proximal width Proximal thickness Minimum diaphysis width Minimum diaphysis thickness Minimum diaphysis circumference Distal width Distal thickness Width of the trochlea Tab. S12 - Measurements of the Ulna of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, E154-E10A male specimens and,, 171-E34A female specimen. Ulna E154-E10A 171-E34A Maximum length 1030 > Articular length Proximal width Proximal thickness Olecranon width Olecranon thickness Minimum diaphysis width Minimum diaphysis circumference Distal width Distal thickness Distal articular width Distal articular thickness Tab. S13 - Measurements of the adius of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, 176-E24A,, E154-E10A male specimens and,, 171-E34A female specimen; e: estimated. adius 176-E24A E154-E10A 171-E34A Maximum length Articular length Proximal width Proximal thickness Proximal articular width e Proximal articular thickness Minimum diaphysis width Minimum diaphysis circumference Distal width Distal thickness e - Distal articular width Distal articular thickness
5 A. arramendi et alii - Supplementary Online Material 1 v Tab. S14 - Measurements of carpal bones of Palaeoloxodon antiquus male. Individual Scaphoid Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width unar Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width Pyramide Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width Pisiforme Greatest length Greatest thickness (proximal) 92 - Greatest width (distal) Trapezium Greates height Greatest thickness Greates width Trapezoid Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width Magnum Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width Unciforme Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width Tab. S15 - Measurements of metacarpal bones of Palaeoloxodon antiquus male; e: estimated. Individual Mc I Greatest length 127.5e - Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness Minimum body width 45 - Greatest distal thickness - - Greatest distal width Mc II Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness ,2 Minimum body width Greatest distal thickness Greatest distal width Mc III Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness Minimum body width Greatest distal thickness Greatest distal width Mc IV Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness Minimum body width Greatest distal thickness Greatest distal width Mc V Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness Minimum body width Greatest distal thickness Greatest distal width
6 vi Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 56 (3), 2017 Tab. S16 - Measurements of manus phalanges bones of Palaeoloxodon antiquus male. Individual PP I Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness Minimum body width Greatest distal thickness 36 - Greatest distal width PP III Greatest length - - Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width - - Minimum body thickness Minimum body width - - Greatest distal thickness - - Greatest distal width - - PP V Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness Greatest proximal width Minimum body thickness Minimum body width Greatest distal thickness Greatest distal width Tab. S17 - Measurements of the Femur of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, male specimens and, 171-E34A female specimens. Femur 171-E34A Maximum length Proximal width Caput width Caput thickness Minimum diaphysis width Minimum diaphysis thickness Minimum diaphysis circumference Distal width Distal articular width
7 A. arramendi et alii - Supplementary Online Material 1 vii Tab. S18 - Measurements of the Tibia of Palaeoloxodon antiquus,, E154-E10A male specimens and,, 171-E34A female specimens; e: estimated. Tibia E154-E10A 171-E34A Maximum length Articular length Proximal width Proximal thickness Proximal articular width Proximal articular thickness e Minimum diaphysis width Minimum diaphysis thickness Minimum diaphysis circumference 440e Distal width Distal thickness e Distal articular width e Distal articular thickness > Tab. S19 - Measurements of the Fibula of Palaeoloxodon antiquus, male specimen and female specimen. Fibula Maximum length Articular length Proximal width Proximal thickness Proximal articular width Proximal articular height Minimum diaphysis thickness Minimum diaphysis circumference Distal width Distal thickness Distal articular height Distal articular thickness Minimum articular width for the astragalus - 73 Minimum articular height for the astragalus 71 - Minimum articular thickness for the calcaneus 37 - Minimum articular height for the calcaneus Tab. S20 - Measurements of the Tarsal bones of Palaeoloxodon antiquus male. Individual Calcaneum Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width 188 Astragalus Greatest height Greatest thickness Greatest width 186.4
8 viii Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 56 (3), 2017 Tab. S21 - Measurements of metatarsal bones of Palaeoloxodon antiquus female; e: estimated. Individual Mt II Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness 52.2 Greatest proximal width 45.1 Minimum body thickness 36.3 Minimum body width 50.4 Greatest distal thickness 56.1 Greatest distal width - Mt III Greatest length 126 Greatest proximal thickness 64 Greatest proximal width 61.2 Minimum body thickness 37.9 Minimum body width 56.1 Greatest distal thickness 58.2 Greatest distal width - Mt IV Greatest length Greatest proximal thickness 64.7 Greatest proximal width 72.5 Minimum body thickness 38.9 Minimum body width 57.6 Greatest distal thickness 63.6 Greatest distal width - Mc V Tab. S22 - Measurements of the Pes phalanges bones of Palaeoloxodon antiquus female; e: estimated. Individual PP I Greatest length 48.5 PP III Greatest length 60.2 Greatest proximal thickness 41.4 Greatest proximal width 53.8 Minimum body thickness 41e Minimum body width 47.7 Greatest distal thickness 31.5e Greatest distal width 52.6e PP IV Greatest length 60e Greatest proximal thickness 39.7 Greatest proximal width 57 Minimum body thickness 34 Minimum body width 53.4 Greatest length 73.7 Greatest proximal thickness 56.5 Greatest proximal width 53.4 Minimum body thickness 56.7 Minimum body width 65.3e Greatest distal thickness 59.4e Greatest distal width -
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