Microbiology - Problem Drill 22: Microbial Infections of Urinary & Reproductive Systems

Transcription

1 Microbiology - Problem Drill 22: Microbial Infections of Urinary & Reproductive Systems No. 1 of What is the name of the functional unit of the kidney? (A) Collecting duct (B) Henel s Loop (C) Glomerulus (D) Nephron Collection duct does the final adjustment of the urine, before exiting the kidney. It is one component of the nephron. Within Henel s loops, non-waste components are returned to the blood stream. It is one component of the nephron. The glomerulus is the site were all of the non-cellular components are removed from the blood. It is one component of the nephron. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It has many components, with each component having special structures and cells. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and has a very delicate structure. Since many of the loops, ducts, and glomerulus are only one cell thick, it is very easy to imaging that the toxic effects of drugs, alcohol, and diabetes can easily damage the kidney by killing the single layer of cells that form the components of the nephron.

2 No. 2 of What symptoms are NOT indicative of an UTI? (A) Fever (B) Cloudy urine (C) Foul smelling urine (D) Itchy skin UTI s often cause low level fevers. Bacteria in the urine causes it to be cloudy. Bacterial within the urine causes it to smell foul. Itchy skin is not associated with UTI s. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI s) are relatively common, and more common in females than males.

3 No. 3 of What characteristic prevents bacteria from entering the uterus at times between ovulation? (A) Contraction of vaginal walls (B) Covering on surface of uterus (C) Contraction of uterine tubes (D) Cervix plugged with mucus The size of the vagina is relatively constant throughout the menstrual cycle. Although the surface of the uterus does cycle, its primary purpose is to supply a nutrient rich surface for the implantation of a fertilized ovum, not to prevent bacteria from entering the uterus. That will not prevent bacteria from entering the uterus. The cells at the entrance to the cervix changes the viscosity of the mucus with the ovulation cycle such that it is very watery during ovulation to allow the passage of sperm and solid at all other times of the cycle. As one studies anatomy in greater depth, you will continuously uncover a wide variety of subtle mechanisms that the body uses to protect itself from infection.

4 No. 4 of The female reproductive system is closed off from the abdominal cavity at all locations except. (A) Uterine tube (B) Ovaries (C) Uterus (D) Vagina A. Correct! The end of the uterine tube opens to the above body cavity and the site where bacteria can enter the abdomen from the outside. The ovaries are closed structures except when the mature ovum is released. Alright this might be splitting hairs but although the uterus is opens on the lower end to the vagina and on the upper end to the uterine tubes it is closed from the body cavity. The important thing here is to recall the route by which the body cavity can become infected. D. Incorrect! Alright this might be splitting hairs but although the uterus is opens on the lower end to the vagina and on the upper end to the uterine tubes it is closed from the body cavity. The important thing here is to recall the route by which the body cavity can become infected. The important thing here is to recall the route by which the body cavity can become infected. This is also the route for ectopic pregnancies

5 No. 5 of Which pathogen is NOT bacterial? (A) Treponema pallidum (B) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (C) Haemophilus ducreyi (D) Trichomonas vaginalis Treponema pallidum is the bacterial that causes syphilis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacteria that causes gonorrhea. Haemophilus ducreyi is the bacteria that causes chancroid. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoa. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoa have very different lifecycles, weakness, strengths, and susceptibility to drugs.

6 No. 6 of Which pathogen is effected by anti viral drugs? (A) Treponema pallidum (B) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (C) Haemophilus ducreyi (D) Herpes simplex virus Treponema pallidum is the bacterial that causes syphilis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacteria that causes gonorrhea. Haemophilus ducreyi is the bacteria that causes chancroid. Herpes simplex virus causes genital herpes and is impacted by anti-viral drugs. The clue here is to know what type of organism each of these are.

7 No. 7 of For Toxic Shock Syndrome, the infection does NOT occur via. (A) Skin (B) Fingernail (C) Vagina (D) Pharynx This infection can occur via the skin (e.g. cuts, surgery, burns), vagina (via tampon), or pharynx. B. Correct! This infection can occur via the skin (e.g. cuts, surgery, burns), vagina (via tampon), or pharynx, but not fingernail. This infection can occur via the skin (e.g. cuts, surgery, burns), vagina (via tampon), or pharynx. D. Incorrect! This infection can occur via the skin (e.g. cuts, surgery, burns), vagina (via tampon), or pharynx. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by a bacterial toxin. Different bacterial toxins may cause toxic shock syndrome, depending on the situation. This infection can occur via the skin (e.g. cuts, surgery, burns), vagina (via tampon), or pharynx.

8 No. 8 of Which item below is NOT associated with a yeast infections? (A) Prolonged use of anti-microbial drugs (B) Altering of normal microbiota (C) Yeast is a bacteria. (D) Vaginal itching and burning Prolonged use of anti-microbial drugs will alter the normal microbiota of the body, and thereby can facilitate growth of yeast in mucosal regions. The normal microbiota of the body is important to prevent yeast from overgrowing in mucosal regions of the body. C. Correct! This statement is false. Yeast is NOT a bacteria. D. Incorrect! Vaginal yeast infections are accompanied by itching and burning. This is one of the cases where the body has an interesting defense mechanism to prevent infections. The cells lining the vagina produce and excrete glycogen (sugar) that is consumed by the vaginal microbiota. These microbiota of the vagina prevent the overgrowth by yeast. The prolonged use of anti-microbial drug will kill the normal vaginal microbiota without harming the yeast, so the yeast will soon overgrow the mucusal regions.

9 No. 9 of Which venereal disease produces ulcers within 24 hours by killing epithelial cells? (A) Gonorrhea (B) Syphilis (C) Chancroid (D) Genital warts Gonorrhea will produce pus. Syphilis has multiple phases with the first phase producing chancres at the infection site. C. Correct! Haemophilus ducreyi kills the epithelial cells that leads to ulcers within 24 hours. D. Incorrect! Genital warts has a long incubation time and do not generally ulcerate. Chancroid can be treated with anti-biotics by condoms are not always effective in preventing transmission.

10 No. 10 of Which organism is NOT part of the normal microbiota of the urinary tract? (A) Lactobacillus (B) Staphylococcus (C) Streptococcus (D) Haemophilus ducreyi Lactobacillus is part of the natural microbiota of the urinary tract. Staphylococcus is part of the natural microbiota of the urinary tract. Streptococcus is part of the natural microbiota of the urinary tract. Hameophilus ducreyi is a bacteria that causes chancroid. Even though Staphylococcus and Streptococcus occur naturally within the urinary tract, this does not mean that these organisms are harmless. If they are able to grow uncheck within the body cavities or sequestered tissues, infections of these organisms can be fatal. It is all a matter of keeping everything balances. It is important to note that condoms do NOT prevent the transmission of ALL sexually transmitted diseases and that some sexually transmitted disease, like herpes, can not be cured.