Supplementary Section B: Background Information on Systems Physiology for the Case Studies of Chapters 11 and 12.

Transcription

1 Supplementary Section B: Background Information on Systems Physiology for the Case Studies of Chapters 11 and 12. B1. Background Information on the Physiology of the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems. The case study presented in Chapter 11 involves models of the gas exchanging properties of the human lungs. It is hoped that the information included within that chapter (together will the references provided) will be sufficient to allow most readers to understand the principles through which gas exchange simulation models can be developed and that it also allows some of the general issues that arise in the testing of simulation models in this field of application to be understood. However, some readers may feel that they lack some necessary background in this field or may wish to explore the physiological concepts underlying these models in more detail. The purpose of this Supplementary Section is to provide pointers to different sources of physiological information that both these groups of readers may find useful. The list of books and other resources is in no way comprehensive and many other very useful sources of information are available. I General Textbooks and on-line resources on human physiology that may provide useful background information: 1) Vander s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 13 th Edition, E.P. Widmaier, H. Raff and K. Strang, McGraw-Hill, 2014 This is an update of a classic textbook which presents the principles of human physiology in a format that is intended to be suitable for undergraduates regardless of their academic background or field of study. It is therefore particularly appropriate as a source of up-to-date physiological information for a multi-disciplinary readership. It provides much useful background information for the case study of Chapter 11 on the respiratory system and gas exchange modelling. However, it should be noted that this book is not concerned only with the physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but deals with human physiology in a general way. It therefore includes material that is also highly relevant for the case study dealing with neuromuscular system modelling in Chapter 12. 2) Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials, J.B. West, 9 th Edition, Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 2012 This is a widely used textbook for the teaching and learning of respiratory physiology which includes an appendix of important equations. This book also provides access to online resources such as a question bank and animations.

2 On-line resources: 1) Lecture notes on human respiratory system physiology, Dr Gül Erdemli, University of Liverpool. Accessed 27 th September ) Lectures in respiratory physiology by professor J.B. West, University of California, San Diego. Accessed 27 th September II More specialised texts and on-line resources that deal with mathematical modelling and simulation issues in physiology, medicine and biomedical engineering: 1) Applied Mathematical Models in Human Physiology, J.T. Ottesen, M.S. Olufsen, J.K. Larsen, SIAM, This book is intended to introduce mathematicians to some applications from the field of physiology. Models reflecting current research in cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology are presented at several levels of detail. These include relatively simple models that can be used within models of larger systems, and more detailed models that show the underlying physiological mechanisms. 2) Mathematical Modeling and Validation in Physiology: Applications to the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems, J.J. Batzel, M.Bachar, F.Kappel (Eds) Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 2064, Springer, Berlin, 2013, Theoretical and practical aspects of modelling physiological systems are brought together in this book. Issues considered include model design, model complexity and validation in the light of available data. 3) Modeling and Simulation in Biomedical Engineering: Applications in Cardiorespiratory Physiology, W. van Meurs, McGraw-Hill, New York, The modelling and simulation process is divided in this book into requirements, conceptual models, mathematical models, software implementation, and simulation results and validation. Some continuous-time models for the cardiorespiratory system are provided. An online resource: 1) Batzel, J, Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Karl-Franzens- Universität, Graz, Austria. Slides relating to a lecture on Modelling the Respiratory Control System: Analysis and Applications. Accessed 27 th September

3 B2. Background Information on the Physiology of Muscle, the Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular Control. The case study considered in Chapter 12 relates to simulation models of muscle and consideration of some of the problems associated with the modelling and simulation of elements of the peripheral nervous system in order to better understand the physiological processes associated with the maintenance of posture and control of movement. Testing and validation issues are especially challenging in using simulation models in this area of physiology because of the many uncertainties involved in model structures and parameter values. Although Chapter 12 provides much background information in a form that is hopefully understandable for most readers some will inevitably feel that they lack some necessary background in this field. Others may wish to explore the physiological concepts underlying these models in more detail. The main purpose of this Supplementary Section is therefore to provide pointers to a few additional sources of physiological information that are potentially useful either for basic understanding of the underlying physiology or for more specialist study in the context of modelling and simulation. The list below is not intended to be in any way comprehensive and there are many other very useful books available and other resources are accessible via the internet. I General Textbooks and on-line resources on human physiology that may provide useful background information: 1) Vander s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 13 th Edition, E.P. Widmaier, H. Raff and K. Strang, McGraw-Hill, 2014 As explained in Supplementary Section B1, this is an update of a classic undergraduate textbook which is particularly suitable as a source of up-to-date physiological information for a multi-disciplinary readership. The book deals with human physiology in a general way but includes much useful background information on muscle and the peripheral nervous system and is thus provides background information for the case study of Chapter 12 on neuromuscular system modelling. 2) Engineering Physiology: Bases of Human Factors Engineering/ Ergonomics, KHE Kroemer, H.J. Kroemer, KE Kroemer-Elbert, Springer, Berlin This book discusses the architecture, functioning, and biomechanics of the human body and includes chapters that deal specifically with the anatomy and physiology of muscle and the peripheral nervous system. It could be a useful text for engineering graduates interested in gaining some knowledge of physiological systems. 3) Fundamentals of Motor Control, M.A. Latash, Academic Press, Motor control deals with how the nervous system produces purposeful, coordinated movements. This book is unusual in that it includes discussion of neurophysiology, control theory, biomechanics, and dynamical systems under one cover. There are chapters explicitly

4 dedicated to control theory, to dynamical systems, to biomechanics, to different behaviours, and to motor learning, including case studies. 4) Human Motor Control, D.A. Rosenbaum, 2 nd Ed, Academic Press, This book provides an introduction to motor control, covering physiological, psychological and computational aspects of the subject. 5) Tresilian J, Sensorimotor Control and Learning: An Introduction to the Behavioral Neuroscience of Action, Palgrave Macmillan, 212 This book provides an integrated treatment of sensory and motor processes, reflecting recent research in neuromuscular control and the perceptual sciences. The multidisciplinary nature of the subject is emphasised and this makes the text useful for a wide variety of readers. Essential background material on neuroscience, biomechanics and engineering is included. II More specialised texts: 1) MacIntosh BR, Gardiner PF, McComas AJ, Skeletal Muscle: Form and Function, 2 nd Edition, Human Kinetics, Champaign IL, 2006 This book deals with motoneuron and muscle structure and function and combines basic sciences (anatomy, physiology, biophysics, and chemistry) with clinical applications including rehabilitation. The volume is divided into three parts. Part I presents the structures of the neuromuscular system: muscle, motoneurons, and neuromuscular junctions and sensory receptors as well as the development of these structures. Part II examines muscle function, including neuromuscular transmission, muscle contraction, motor units, and muscle metabolism. Part III focuses on the adaptability of the neuromuscular system. 2) Kernell D, The Motoneurone and Its Muscle Fibres, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006 This book deals primarily with the alpha motoneurones, which together constitute the main output interface of the central nervous system and without which no muscle action is possible. The study of motoneurones is important because the alpha motoneurone is probably the best understood kind of nerve cell and much is known about their short- and long-term interactions with skeletal muscle fibres. 3) Latash ML, Neurophysiological Basis of Movement, 2 nd Edition, Human Kinetics, Champaign IL, The material in this book is presented using six levels of analysis. These are cells, connections, structures, behaviours (control and coordination), evolving/changing behaviours, and motor disorders. The first three of these levels provide a basis for the analysis of a variety of actions, such as standing, locomotion, eye movements, and reaching. In addition changes in movement with fatigue, development, aging, disorder, and rehabilitation are discussed.

5 4) Binder, MD (Ed), Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms in the Neural Control of Movement, Elsevier, Amsterdam, This book is an important reference work and starts with a broadly-based commentary and overview of our current understanding of the peripheral nervous system and spinal basis of motor control. It also includes seven additional sections which focus on specific problem areas. The first chapter in each section provides a historical review, while relevant experimental findings and hypotheses are discussed in subsequent chapters. Topics include the biomechanics of neuromuscular systems, the properties of motoneurons and the muscle units they control, spinal interneurons, pattern generating circuits, locomotion, descending control of spinal circuits, comparative physiology of motor systems, and motor systems neurophysiology studied in man.