Psychology. November 6, 2018.
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1 Psychology November 6, 2018.
2 Today s Chunks of Learning. Chunk 1: Finishing up with the neo-freudians. Chunk 2: The Behaviorists.
3 Chunk 1: Freud and the neo-freudians. Horney. Horney was interested in the questions: How do children handle this anxiety? And, how does that affect their behavior as adults in similar situations?
4 Freud and the neo-freudians. Horney. Horney termed the first style of coping: moving toward people as it is all about affiliation and dependence. The child becomes dependent on their parents to get affection. The adult becomes needy in their relationships.
5 Freud and the neo-freudians. Horney. The second style of coping is called: moving against people as this is about aggression and assertiveness. The child fights and bullies other children. The adult lashes out at others and exploits them.
6 Freud and the neo-freudians. Horney. The third style of coping is called moving away from people as it relies on detachment and isolation. The child tends to become private and self-sufficient. The adult also avoids relationships and prefers social isolation.
7 That s it for Freud and the Freudians.
8 Chunk 2: Next, we have the Behaviorists. The behaviorists don t care about what happened to you when you were child.
9 Reinforcement. B.F. Skinner, one of the leading behaviorists, thought that our personality consists of response patterns we have learned over time.
10 A lifetime, not just childhood. Over our entire life, we increase behaviors that lead to positive consequences and decrease behaviors that lead to negative ones.
11 Bandura s Social-Cognitive Theory. Albert Bandura, another behaviorist, focused on the role thinking and reasoning play in the task of learning.
12 Skinner vs. Bandura: The environment versus the subject. Skinner The environment shapes you. Bandura You and the environment have an interactive relationship.
13 Reciprocal Determinism. Bandura proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism. Here, cognitive processes, behavior and context all interact simultaneously.
14 Reciprocal Determinism Cognitive Processes = everything that is previously learned (beliefs, expectations, etc.)
15 Reciprocal Determinism. Behavior = anything we do that could be rewarded or punished.
16 Reciprocal Determinism. Context = The environment.
17 An example of reciprocal determinism.
18 Observational Learning: Bandura also proposed that we develop our personality by observing the behavior of others and learning what is rewarded and what is punished.
19 Observational Learning. He called this Observational Learning.
20 Self-Efficacy. Most recently, Bandura has focused on the concept of selfefficacy in personality development.
21 Self-Efficacy. Self-efficacy is our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences.
22 Self-Efficacy: People with high self-efficacy: Believe their goals are within reach. Develop a deep interest and strong commitment to the activities in which they are involved. And quickly recover from setbacks.
23 Self-Efficacy: People with low self-efficacy: Avoid challenging tasks. Doubt their ability to be successful. Tend to focus on failure. And lose confidence if they experience a setback.
24 Self-Efficacy. In observational learning, self-efficacy is a cognitive factor that affects which behaviors we choose to imitate as well as our success in performing those behaviors.
25 Rotter s Locus of Control. Julian Rotter proposed a concept similar to self-efficacy called Locus of Control.
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