Dikran J. Martin Psychology 111

Transcription

1 Dikran J. Martin Psychology 111 Name:. Date:. Lecture Series: Chapter 16 Motivation, Thought, and Behavior: The Social Learning Theories Pages:19 TEXT: Funder, David C., (2000). The Personality Puzzle (2 nd ) New York:W. W. Norton. Principal Features Introduction "Three different theories have been developed by psychologists who began with a basic affinity for behaviorism but who nonetheless recognized important shortcomings in the classic version. The purpose of each of these "social learning theories was to remedy these shortcomings." What Behaviorism Leaves Out "The most obvious shortcoming of classic behaviorism is the way it ignores motivation, thought, and cognition." "Social learning theorists, by contrast, claim that the way people think, plan, perceive, and believe is an important part of learning, and that research must address these processes." " classic behaviorism to a surprisingly large extent is based on animals." Why did behaviorists frequently study the actions of (425) animals? -1-

2 Introduction (Continued) What do the following statements mean? " classic behaviorism ignores the (426) social dimension of learning." " classic behaviorism treats the organism as essentially passive." Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory " (behaviorism) said little or nothing about many of the major phenomena of psychopathology, such as repression, conflict, and anxiety, and it also largely ignored the fact that people do not just respond to stimuli in a passive manner; they also think and understand." What is so remarkable that John Dollard and (427) Neal Miller, psychologists at Yale, dedicated their principal work "To Freud and Pavlov and Their Students?" -2-

3 Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory (Continued) What is Dollard and Miller's key idea habit hierarchy? (427) [Illustration] Habit hierarchy. Complete the following: " Dollard and Miller deviated from classic behaviorism in a major way." "Skinner claimed that the effect of learning is to change "Dollard and Miller claimed that the effect of learning is a change in the arrangement of an Motivation and Drives "What do you want, and why do you want it? These are questions of motivation." "According to Dollard and Miller, the answer to this question is to be found in needs, which produce psychological drives." -3-

4 Motivation and Drives What is Dollard and Miller's concept of primary drives? (428) What is Dollard and Miller's concept of secondary drives? What do the following statements mean? " Dollard and Miller believed that for ( ) humans secondary drives are ordinarily more important." "According to Dollard and Miller, there (429) can be no reinforcement (and hence no behavioral change) without some kind of drive reduction occurring, whether it be primary or secondary." -4-

5 Motivation and Drives (Continued) [Illustrations] Drive reduction. ( ) Frustration and Aggression What is Dollard and Miller's frustration-aggression (430) hypothesis? [Illustrations] Frustration-aggression hypothesis. -5-

6 Frustration and Aggression (Continued) How can irrational, misdirected aggression be prevented? ( ) Psychological Conflict What does the following statement mean? "Things that are fun can also be frightening." (431) What is Dollard and Miller's concept of approach- ( ) avoidance conflict? -6-

7 Defense Mechanisms "One particular goal that Dollard and Miller set for themselves was to use learning theory to explain psychological phenomena that previously only psychoanalysis had addressed." [Illustrations] Social learning theory explanations of defense (433) mechanisms. Rottor's Social Learning Theory "Julian Rottor's version of social learning (is) concerned primarily with the process of decision making." The Expectancy Value theory of Decision Making What is Julian Rottor's expectancy value theory? (434) [Illustrations] Expectancy value theory. -7-

8 BEHAVIOR POTENTIAL What is Julian Rottor's concept of behavioral potential (BP)? ( ) [Illustrations] Behavioral potential. EXPECTANCY What is Julian Rottor's concept of expectancy? (435) [Illustrations] Expectancy. What does the following statement mean? "Because expectancy is a belief, it may be right or wrong." -8-

9 EXPECTANCY (Continued) What is the key difference between classic behaviorism ( ) and social learning theory? "Rottor claimed that people actually have two kinds of expectancies: specific and general." What is Julian Rottor's concept of specific expectancies? (436) [Illustrations] Specific expectancies. What is Julian Rottor's concept of general expectancies? -9-

10 EXPECTANCY (Continued) What does the following statement mean? "Specific expectancies and general (436) expectancies can feed into each other in complex ways." [Illustrations] Specific and general expectancies feeding into each other. ( ) REINFORCEMENT VALUE What is Julian Rottor's concept of reinforcement value (RV)? (437) [Illustrations] Reinforcement value. -10-

11 PSYCHOLOGICAL SITUATION What is Julian Rottor's concept of the psychological (437) situation (s)? ROTTOR'S PREDICTION FORMULA "Rottor combined all of the terms just considered into the following behavioral prediction formula: BP x, S1, Ra = f(e x, Ra, S1 & RV a, S1 ) Describe the elements of Julian Rottor's behavioral prediction formula. (438) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using formulas to describe motivation, thought, and behavior? -11-

12 Adjustment and Maladjustment "Rottor's theory yields several insights concerning psychological adjustment and maladjustment." [Illustrations] Social learning theory explanations of psychological ( ) adjustment and maladjustment. "Rottor's theory also addresses Freud's idea of psychological conflict from a different perspective." [Illustrations] Social learning theory addressing Sigmund Freud's (439) idea of psychological adjustment. -12-

13 Adjustment and Maladjustment (Continued) What does the following statement mean? "Rottor was particularly concerned with one ( ) particular by product of low expectancy, that of 'lack of competency.' " What does the following statement mean? "Rottor also pointed out the importance of (440) the 'minimal goal level' Psychotherapy How does Julian Rottor's theory apply to psychotherapy? -13-

14 Bandura's Social Learning Theory "The most recent development that goes by the name "social learning theory" comes from the Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura." Efficacy Expectations What is Albert Bandura's concept of efficacy expectations? (441) [Illustration] Efficacy expectation. What does the following statement mean? "Bandura emphasized that efficacy expectations should be the key target for therapeutic interventions." -14-

15 Efficacy Expectations (Continued) "Research suggests that increases in self-efficacy can cause increases in both motivation and performance." [Evidence] Self-efficacy and increases in motivation and performance. ( ) What is Albert Bandura's prescription for self-change? (442) Anxiety and Depression How can Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy be ( ) developed into a power analysis of the origins of anxiety and depression? -15-

16 Anxiety and Depression (Continued) What does the following statement mean? "Depression is also related to self-efficacy, (443) but in a different way." [Illustrations] Efficacy expectation and depression Complete the following: "Bandura noted that sometimes a discrepancy between one's standards and one's performance leads to depression and sometimes it leads to the motivation to make great efforts to attain these standards." "The difference depends on self-efficacy. If you believe you can attain a goal, you will be "If you believe the goal is just too far out of reach you will -16-

17 Observational Learning "One of the most influential aspects of Bandura's theory has been its emphasis on vicarious or observational learning, that it, learning a behavior by seeing someone else do it." [Illustrations] Observational learning. (444) What does the following statement mean? "The mechanism of observational learning also can be used for positive purposes." Reciprocal Determinism and the Self What is Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism? ( ) -17-

18 Reciprocal Determinism and the Self (Continued) [Illustrations] Reciprocal determinism. (445) What does the following statement mean? "Bandura's deepest departure from behaviorism ( ) is his claim that a self system develops that has its own effects on behavior, independent of the environment." -18-

19 Contributions and Limitations of the Learning Approaches What are the contributions of the learning approaches? ( ) What are the limitations of the learning approaches? (447) END -19-