Operant Conditioning. Reward Punishment Association of events in time
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1 Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior occurs more frequently if followed by reinforcement or occurs less frequently if followed by punishment. How is this different from classical conditioning? In Classical Conditioning, an organism associates two events that occur together at the same time. In Operant Conditioning, an organism learns a behavior through reward or punishment. Reward Punishment Association of events in time OPERANT CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
2 Edward Thorndike Edward Thorndike performed experiments on cats He placed them in a puzzle box, used fish as a reward for escaping, and timed how long the escape process took Through trial and error, the cats figured out that pressing the level in the box (behavior) led to the reward of escape/fish (stimulus)
3 Law of Effect He coined the term Law of Effect which became the basis of operant conditioning Law of Effect: behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
4 OPERANT CONDITIONING REINFORCEMENT (increase behavior) PUNISHMENT (decrease behavior) POSITIVE (adding something to the situation) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT POSITIVE PUNISHMENT NEGATIVE (removing something from the situation) NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
5 Reinforcement Anything that increases a behavior Can be positive or negative Positive doesn t mean good and negative doesn t mean bad!!! Positive means adding ; negative removes Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement You get an A on your test (positive stimulus), which increases your behavior of studying (reinforcement). Other Examples??? You avoid getting a sun burn (negative stimulus), which increases your behavior of applying sunblock in the future (reinforcement). Other Examples???
6 Punishment Anything that decreases a behavior Can be positive or negative Positive doesn t mean good and negative doesn t mean bad!!! Positive means adding ; negative removes Positive Punishment Negative Punishment You receive a speeding ticket (positive stimulus), which decreases your behavior of speeding (punishment). Other Examples??? You lose your car keys (negative stimulus), which decreases your behavior of drunk driving (punishment). Other Examples???
7 Catching a largemouth bass after three hours of fishing
8 Being yelled at by your coach after you fumbled
9 Taking pepto bismol because you have an upset stomach
10 Putting money in a soda machine that steals your change
11 Giving your dog a treat for sitting on command
12 Your alarm rings to stop you from sleeping too long
13 You lose your cell phone after getting caught texting in class
14 Lifting weights to get in shape
15 Careful!! The way a scenario is worded can affect the answer. Lifting weights to get in shape = POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Lifting weights to lose weight = NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Lifting weights to lose weight
16 Limitations of Punishment Punishment often only produces temporary suppression Punishment produces undesirable emotional side effects Children who are physically punished learn to model or imitate aggressive acts and often become more aggressive in their interactions with others Punishment NEVER teaches a new behavior
17 PowerPoint Notes All images used in this PowerPoint were either paid for or used through Google s image search with commercial reuse with modification filter applied. You may use this PowerPoint and any other documents in your classroom for the education of your students, but may not distribute it in any form or put it on any website without my permission. If you find this PowerPoint somewhere online other than Mr. Oksiuta s website, it has been stolen. Please the creator at kso@oregonsd.net for notification. Thank you.
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