The innate hypothesis

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2 The innate hypothesis DARWIN (1872) proposed that the facial expression of emotion evolved as part of the actions necessary for life: Anger: Frowning (to protect eyes in anticipation of attack) Surprise: Eyebrows raised (to open the eyes wide to facilitate sight) Mouth opens (to draw in air quickly to put the body in a state of readiness)

3 Fear:Movements similar to surprise but more tense - Raised eyebrows, Open mouth (Fear was more problematic for Darwin - Conflict between readiness + protection) Disgust: Lip movements are related to expelling offensive matter from the mouth. By-products lip movement include: Nose wrinkling movements Lines below lower eyelid and raising lower eyelid Cheek raising 3

4 Happiness Smiling - raised corners of the mouth Sadness Upturned inner corners of the eyebrows 4

5 Paul Ekman - Seven Basic Emotions Ekman, a leading psychologist in emotions, suggests humans everywhere can recognize seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness and surprise. He says that these are Universal emotions Here is a sample of 6 of Ekman s emotions. Which one is missing?

6 Neurocultural model - Ekman Facial expressions are a result of separate systems for cognition and emotion that interact producing the dual influence of (1) universal, biologically innate factors Sub-cortical system (beneath cerebral cortex) Spontaneous facial expression Bottom-up reflexive expression Universal (2) culturally specific, learned display rules. Cortical system (cerebral cortex involvement) Mediates voluntary system (display rules) Controlled Top-down contrived expression

7 Display rules A social group's informal norms about when, where, and how one should express emotions. when those rules are violated nobody knows quite how to react. Consider: If, when preparing to light your daughters birthday cake, you notice that there is a finger mark in the cake, what might you expect a person to do? desperate housewives 7

8 Cultural Differences in Expressive Behavior: Display Rules Evidence for neuro-cultural model Showed 25 American and 25 Japanese subjects a neutral and a stress-inducing film (a circumcision) 1. Watching film on own (unknowingly taped) Both groups displayed same facial expressions watching the film 2. Interviewed by member of own culture Group differences in facial displays used when discussing with peers (Cited in Ekman, Freisen, & Ellsworth, 1972)

9 Cultural influence on expression: Japanese smiled out of politeness to interviewer (graduate student) Japanese custom to smile when addressed (especially by an authority) Less rude for Americans to watch film when addressed Discrepencies can be explained by display rules. Frindlund,

10 Cultural Differences in Expressive Behavior: Display Rules 5 - unwritten rules by which people manage and express emotion based on their different social settings. (Ekman- Freisen)

11 Display rules serve to mediate neural impulses (we saw what happens when display rules aren t followed in the birthday party clip. It makes people surprised and uneasy.) Display rules can prevent triggering of facial muscles Reduce the output of the display Make the display shorter/substitute alternative display 11

12 Are there cross-cultural differences in recognition accuracy rates? Americans are better at recognizing anger, disgust, fear, and sadness than Japanese Cultural source of these differences may be individualism. Individualism is associated with better recognition of anger, fear, and happiness.

13 1. According to the online activity, why are people bad at spotting fake smiles? a. selective attention b. change blindness c. social harmony d. over-sensitive mirror neurons 2. The hypothalamus is responsible for flipping the off-switch for hunger. 3. Your best chance at determining whether a smile is genuine is to look at a person s a. mouth c. cheeks b. eyes d. entire face 4. Joining a club to meet new people when you move to a new school is based on the need that is level # of Maslow s hierarchy

14 Paul Ekman - Microexpressions 14

15 Nonverbal gestures & emotion

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18 Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. Which of Paul Ekman s smiles is genuine? Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco 18

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20 Anger

21 Contempt

22 Disgust

23 Fear

24 Happiness

25 Sadness

26 Surprise

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28 Lies By The Black Keys 28

29 Lie Detection Examiner asks several simple questions for a baseline Examiner then asks key questions Measures changes in body such as heart rate and breathing. Any potential problems with this method?

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31 LO 9.18 Facial feedback hypothesis Facial Feedback Hypothesis Facial feedback hypothesis - theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion. Menu

32 The Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion (Solomon and Corbit, 1974) Emotional reactions are biphasic; a primary reaction is followed by an opposite after-reaction The primary reaction becomes weaker with repeated stimulations The after-reaction is strengthened

33 Physiological Similarities Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and sexual arousal are very similar. Let s ride this all day!! make it stop make it stop make it stop make it stop make it stop make it stop M. Grecco/ Stock Boston Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal. 33

34 Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Negative emotions trigger more activity in the right pre-frontal cortex, and positive show more activity in the left. 34

35 Cognition Can Define Emotion An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. Reuters/ Corbis Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting. 35

36 Origins of Emotions The biggest breakthrough in the study of emotions was the discovery of two distinct emotional pathways in the brain. One of the pathways is fast, and operates mainly at an unconscious level Have a built-in, innate sensitivity to certain cues. The other pathway is much slower and linked to explicit memory. This system relies heavily on the cerebral cortex. Both rely heavily on the limbic system. The amygdala plays an especially important role in both emotion pathways negative AND positive emotions.

37 Better to mistake a stick for a snake than a snake for a stick The Emotional Brain

38 Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fmri scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004). Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth College, 38

39 Two Routes to Emotion Zajonc and LeDoux: We often know how we feel long before we know what we think in a given situation. AFFECTIVE PRIMACY THEORY Lazarus: COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORY We can change our emotions if we learn to interpret the situation differently. 39