1. Distinguish between releaser and modifier hormones. 2. Give and example of a reflex, a fixed action pattern and a stimulus response chain.

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1 1 Study Guide 1. Distinguish between releaser and modifier hormones. 2. Give and example of a reflex, a fixed action pattern and a stimulus response chain. 3. Explain how the results presented in the Figure below illustrate that honey bees have a concept of sameness.

2 2 4. How does the information presented in this table support the hypothesis that the pipevine swallowtail learns leaf shape? 5. Compare and contrast migration with trivial movements. 6. Do the following results support sun-compass navigation or magnetic-compass navigation in monarch butterflies? Explain. Why did the butterflies orient in different directions when their circadian clocks were adjusted? 7. How would the results be different if the experiment was conducted with nonmigratory monarchs during the summer?

3 3 8. Define the following terms: Aschoff s rule Circadian rhythm Entrainment Photoperiod Zeitgeber Circadian gate Temperature-compensated clock 9. Are the results shown below consistent with Aschoff s rule? Explain # 24 h cycles DL DD LL Time (hours) Oviposition behavior 10. Why does an insect need to be able to see the ground in order to fly upwind to an odor source? 11. Distinguish between a taxis and a kinesis 12. In the blow fly what would happen if you: a. ablate (destroy) the tarsal chemoreceptors b. ablate the stretch receptors in the gut 13. Defend or attack this statement. Honey bees are capable of insight learning.

4 14. The figure below shows a gradient of food odor. Draw the path of a foraging cockroach that is using positive chemotropotaxis to orient in the gradient. X marks the starting point.

4 4 14. The figure below shows a gradient of food odor. Draw the path of a foraging cockroach that is using positive chemotropotaxis to orient in the gradient. X marks the starting point. Draw the path if the antennae are crossed to the opposite side of the body. Draw the path if the right antenna is amputated. How would all of these paths be different in an insect that uses positive chemoklinotaxis? X 15. Is there a circadian rhythm involved in the development and emergence of the marine midges shown below? Explain your reasoning.

5 5 16 Answer these questions based on the information shown below. What is the evidence that a hormone is involved in the emergence (eclosion) of moths of these two species? Is the hormone species-specific? How would the results be different if the nervous system controlled emergence? 17. Distinguish between habituation and sensory adaptation? 18. Would you expect learning to be more important in a monophagous or polyphagous insect? Why? 19. How is learning involved in the oviposition behavior of the pipevine swallowtail butterfly? Why doesn t the butterfly just use tarsal chemoreception to detect its host plant? Why doesn t the butterfly just use vision? 20. How many bits of information were communicated or learned? a. given a standard deck of playing cards, I tell you that the card I am holding is red

given that your host plant can be either broad-leafed or narrow-leafed, you learned to search for narrow-leaved plants based on the presence of an oviposition stimulant 21.

6 6 b. given a flip of a coin, I tell you that the coin landed with tails up. c. given a standard deck of playing cards, I tell you that the card is a club d. given that there are about 30 orders of insects in the world, I tell you that the insect you gave me to identify is in the order Lepidoptera e. given that your host plant can be either broad-leafed or narrow-leafed, you learned to search for narrow-leaved plants based on the presence of an oviposition stimulant 21. Given the dance shown below by a scout, how many bits of information were communicated to recruit bees that head in the directions indicated in three hypothetical results (shown below). Do you need any additional information? 22. In the three figures above, North is at the top of the circle. The arrows indicate the average heading of the recruited bees. If the figure on the left is the actual result, what time of day is it? 23. Describe an experiment that would allow you to determine how many bits of information are communicated about distance to a food resource by the waggle dance.

7 7 24. What are five different ways that a genetic basis to a behavior can be determined? 25.Given the dance shown below, indicate with an arrow originating at the center of the circle on the left which direction normal bees would head at sunrise (North at the top of the circle). In the circle at the right, indicate which direction bees with weights on the back of their heads would head at the same time of day. 26. Explain why James Gould s misdirection experiment helped to resolve the dance language controversy. 27. Based on the figure shown below, does calling time show heritable variation? Explain your answer. 28. What is a dorsal light reaction?

8 8 29. If a Queen honey bee of genotype (UuRR) mates with a single drone of genotype (ur) will her colony be hygienic? Explain your answer. What behaviors will individual workers within the colony display? 30. Is there genetic linkage between male and female chemical communication characteristics in the European corn borer? Explain. 31. Describe the impact of directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection on evolution of a behavior characteristic. 32. Explain why it is uncommon to have both behavioral and physiological resistance to an insecticide. Use exophilic and endophilic behaviors of blood-feeding mosquitoes to illustrate the point.

Animal Behavior. Types of Communication 4/22/2013

Animal Behavior. Types of Communication 4/22/2013 Animal Behavior A behavior is the nervous system s response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or the hormonal system Behavior is subject to natural selection Behaviors have an impact on