General Psych Thinking & Feeling

Transcription

1 General Psych Thinking & Feeling Piaget s Theory Challenged Infants have more than reactive sensing Have some form of discrimination (reasoning) 1-month-old babies given a pacifier; never see it Babies shown both pacifiers; stare more at one they had used What is thinking? Recognition Object recognition Must recognize variations in shapes Visual system uses lateral inhibition One receptor stimulated by light; neighbor receptors turn off Makes edges easier to see; simplifies information Lateral Inhibition Top-down processing Recognize in different orientations Lateral inhibition Top-down processing Context Face recognition Configuration Processing Don t store each image; store exemplar Representative of category Speed of recognition = distance between perceived item & prototype Configural Models Face superiority effect Parts not processed independently Context of other face parts (e.g. mouth) influences recognition of a particular part (e.g. nose) Effect disappears when face is inverted Problem solving 1. Algorithms Follow the rule correctly Eventually solve the problem Step by step List all words that start with q Calculation Procedure manual 2. Heuristics Rule of Thumb Rule of 72 Double money = 72 divided by interest % At 10%, takes 7.2 years At 8%, takes 9 years List all words that start with q

2 skip qa, qb; go to qu third letter is a vowel Shortcuts; reduce number of operations Advantage = Fast Disadvantage = Can miss a solution 3. Insight Sudden realization Ah-ha 4. Intuition Not aware of processes that lead to conclusion How To Solve A Problem (6 steps) Problem = initial state & goal state don t match Well-defined problems (closed) More disks Ill-defined problems (open) 4+ rods Define the problem Framing How present issue impacts reception Surgery = 10% die, 90% survive Consumer 1. Where are you now Initial state 2. Where want to be Goal 3. How do you get from here to there Brain storming 4. Will this work Select a choice Next action 5. Test it out Implementation Model testing 6. Where am I now RECURSIVE Twinkle, twinkle little star

3 Problem Solving: Schema Mental model or representation Built up through experience Unique to each individual 3 Types of Schema 1. Person schema General knowledge about other people consistent traits what people will do 2. Self-schema Knowledge of own personality, abilities, goals, etc. 3. Scripts Knowledge of common, frequent events Allow us to fill in missing details Allow us to anticipate events Impact on memory Selection Keep most relevant information Abstraction Information stored in terms of its meaning Interpretation Use relevant information from LTM Integration Form & store a single integrated memory representation Evidence for schema (Brewer & Treyens, 1981) Schemas during incidental encoding Participants put in this waiting room Spent less than 1 minute there 1/3 remembered books Given surprise memory test Items with high schema expectancy & saliency more likely to be recalled 19 / 88 objects were inferred (i.e. not actually in the room) Thinking also includes: Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Creativity Language Pondering Synthesizing Mental Set Well-established habit or thought; used to thinking one way, hard to change Bar Problem: A man walked into a bar Nine dots problem Candle problem Functional fixedness = inability to see an object as having a function other than its usual one

4 What Is Feeling? Emotion Category of stimuli high significance to an individual high arousal (strong feelings) subjective response quick & automatic Basic Emotions Hard-wired Can feel more than one at a time No agreed upon list but most listed: Fear Surprise Anger Disgust Happiness Sadness Classified along two dimensions Pleasant or unpleasant Level of activation (arousal) Brain and Emotion Amygdala Evaluate the significance of stimuli and generate emotional responses Generate hormonal secretions Autonomic reactions that accompany strong emotions Damage causes psychic blindness = inability to recognize fear in facial expressions and voice Facial Expressions 10,000 expressions; 40 muscles Voluntary Involuntary Some are same across cultures Display rules vary Quickly cover up Some are same across species Micro Expressions Less than a second Surprise is shortest expression Gestures Emblems Differ by culture Yes = nod head up and down No = shake head left-right Egyptian culture Tomorrow = hand loop After tomorrow = two loops Distress = hands on head (one pat other) Not Quite Words

5 Theories of Emotion No emotion without thinking 4 theories of emotion 1. Common Sense See the bear, feel fear, run I think, therefore I run 2. James-Lange See the bear, run, feel fear Emotion is interpretation of physiological $ I run, therefore I am afraid Action first, think about it later 3. Two Factor Theory Schachter and Singer Subject told they were given vitamins Received either adrenaline or placebo (saline) Put in room with another person (experimenter) Took cues from person with playful angry Need both bio reaction and cognitive cues I see bear I feel sensations I see what other people are doing If they are afraid, I am afraid 2 inputs bear physiological stimuli ($) 4. Cognitive Mediation Component process model Brain senses lots of body & cog. components Makes low-level appraisals of relevance Triggers bodily reactions, behaviors, feelings, and actions Cognitive appraisal triggers response I see the bear I m in trouble I breathe fast, run, and feel fear Emotional Indicators Blink rate Eye contact Pupil dilation Display rules Surprise = raise eyebrows

6 Motivation Both emotion and motivation are derived from the Latin word for move (movere) E-motion = feeling moved Move-ation = causing movement of self Drive biological needs internal need avoid pain homeostasis = keep in balance hungry, do something to relieve Hunger is a complicated system hypothalamus is stimulated stomach sends satiety signals (CCK) insulin signals amount of food molecules in blood Leptin (hormone) indicates amount of fat in body internals vs. externals Weight No personality trait differences between obese & non-obese people (e.g., willpower, anxiety) Family environment of little importance Number of fat-storage cells is a major determinant of body weight Primarily a function of genetics Weight loss causes a decline in basal metabolism Incentive pull of external goal carrot on a stick Anticipated rewards Presses Rewards Copyright 2010 Ken Tangen.. All rights reserved