Chapter 11 Motivation and Emotion

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Motivation and Emotion Copyright 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

2 Motivation! What is motivation?! Motivation involves the question of why people behave, think, and feel the way they do! Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained

3 Biological Influences! Instinct! An innate, biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

4 Biological Influences! Drive! An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need! Need! A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation! Homeostasis! The body s tendency to maintain an equilibrium

5 Behavioral Influences! Incentives! Positive or negative stimuli or events that motivate behavior! External rather than internal

6 Maslow s Hierarchy of Motives

7 Hunger: Biological Factors

8 Eating and Weight! Obesity! Set point! The weight maintained when no effort is made to gain or lose weight! Basal metabolism rate (BMR)! The minimal amount of energy an individual uses in a resting state

9 Eating and Weight! Dieting! Do diets work?! The diet scene! Restrained eating! Exercise

10 Eating and Weight! Anorexia nervosa! An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation! Bulimia! An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern

11 Sexuality! Biological factors! Estrogens! Influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle! Androgens! promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics

12 Sexuality! Cognitive and sensory/perceptual factors! Pheromones! Odorous substances released by animals that are powerful attractants! Aphrodisiacs! Substances that supposedly arouse a person s sexual desire and increase their capacity for sexual activity

13 Sexuality! Cultural factors! Sexual scripts! Stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should sexually behave! Traditional religious script! Sex is accepted only within marriage! Romantic script! Sex is synonymous with love

14 Sexuality! The human sexual response cycle

15 Psychosexual Dysfunctions! Psychosexual dysfunctions! Disorders that involve impairments in the sexual response pattern either in the desire for gratification or in the inability to achieve it

16 Heterosexuality and Homosexuality

17 Achievement Motivation! Need for achievement (McClelland)! The desire to accomplish something, to reach a standard of excellence, and to expend effort to excel! Attribution theory! Individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of the effort to make sense out of the behavior

18 Emotion! What is emotion?! Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

19 Biological Dimensions! Arousal! Autonomic nervous system (ANS)! Takes messages to and from the body s internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion! Sympathetic nervous system! Involved in the body s arousal, responsible for quick response to a stressor! Parasympathetic nervous system! Calms the body, promotes relaxation and healing

20 Arousal and Performance! Yerkes-Dodson law

21 Arousal and Performance! James-Lange theory! Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment! Cannon-Bard theory! Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

22 Arousal and Performance

23 Cognitive Dimensions! Two-factor theory of emotion (Schachter & Singer)! Emotion is determined by two main factors:! Physiological arousal! Cognitive labeling

24 Behavior Dimensions! Facial feedback hypothesis! Facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them

25 Sociocultural Dimensions! Display rules! Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed! Gender influences! Occur in contexts that highlight social roles and relationships

26 Classifying Emotions! Plutchik s wheel model

27 Happiness! What is happiness?! High levels of self-esteem, optimism, extroversion, and personal control! A supportive network of close relationships! A culture that offers positive interpretations of most daily events! Being engaged by work and leisure! A faith that embodies social support, purpose, and hope

28 Anger! Controlling anger! When your anger starts to boil and your body is getting aroused, work on lowering the arousal by waiting! Cope with the anger in ways that involve neither being chronically angry over every little bothersome annoyance nor passively sulking! Form a self-help group with others who have been through similar experiences with anger

29 Anger! Controlling anger! Take action to help others, which can put your own miseries in perspective! Seek ways of breaking out of your usual perspective

30 End of Chapter 11 To proceed to the next chapter, click button