Myers Psychology for AP, 2e
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1 Myers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014 AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
2
3 Introduction Motivation
4 Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
5 Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans
6 Instinct = a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.
7 Drives and Motivations Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive Drive reduction
8 Drive-Reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
9 Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
10 Drives and Motivations Incentive Positive and negative
11 Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.
12 Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law
13 Yerkes-Dodson Law = the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
14 Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
15 A Hierarchy of Motives
16 Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses
17
18 The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study
19 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus
20 Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
21 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate
22 Set Point = the point at which an individual s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
23 Basal Metabolic Rate = the body s resting rate of energy expenditure.
24 The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
25 The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences
26 The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
27 The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias Food variety
28 Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors Social influence
29 Obesity and Weight Control
30
31 The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period
32 Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
33 Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
34 The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Sexual Dysfunctions Erectile disorder Premature ejaculation Female orgasmic disorder Paraphilias Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia
35 Sexual Dysfunction = a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
36 The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone
37 Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
38 Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
39 The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams Sexual fantasies
40 The Psychology of Sex
41
42 Introduction Aristotle s social animal Need to belong affiliation need
43 The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment Anxious attachment Insecure avoidant attachment
44 The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior
45 Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media Cell phones Texting and Facebook and twitter
46 Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people s actual personalities? Does social networking promote narcissism?
47
48 Cognition and Emotion Emotions Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience
49 Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
50 Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories Common Sense theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Lower spine injuries High spinal cord injury
51 James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
52 Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
53 Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect
54 Two-Factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
55 Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Robert Zajonc LeDoux s high and low road
56 Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Lazarus
57
58 Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Calming Yerkes Dodson Law Fight or flee
59 Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
60 Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions Insula Brain circuits Left frontal lobe
61
62 Detecting Emotion in Others Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile
63 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
64 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
65 Culture and Emotional Expression
66 Culture and Emotional Expression
67 The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback effect Health psychology
68 Facial Feedback Effect = the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.
69 Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
70
71 Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress Stress appraisal
72 Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
73 Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors Things that Push Our Buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles
74 Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System Selye s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Tend-and-befriend
75 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye s concept of the body s adaptive response to stress in three phases alarm, resistance, exhausion.
76 Tend-and-Befriend Response = under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
77 Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome
78
79 Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage Natural killer cells (NK cells)
80 Psychophysiological Illness = literally, mind-body illness; any stressrelated physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
81 Psychoneuroimmunology = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
82 Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
83
84 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer Stress and Heart Disease Coronary heart disease Type A Type B
85 Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
86 Type A = Friedman and Rosenman s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
87 Type B = Friedman and Rosenman s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
88 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
89 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
90 Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
Unit 08 - Overview. Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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