Aggressive Behavior in Dogs TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... 1 PREFACE... 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... 9 INTRODUCTION... 29

Transcription

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... 1 PREFACE... 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... 9 INTRODUCTION PART 1. WORKING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR RELATED CASES INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. SCOPE OF THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR PROBLEM AND RISK FACTORS Perspective Statistics Risk Factors for Dog Human Aggressive Behavior Risk Factors for Dog Dog Aggressive Behaviors CHAPTER 2. CASE MANAGEMENT Roles and Perspectives of Technologists and Clients The Behavior of Guardians of Dogs who Exhibit Aggressive Behaviors Case Management The Consult Sessions Equipment and Supplies Liability Issues Guardian Liability Technologist Liability CHAPTER 3. TRAINING HUMANS Introduction to Verbal Behavior Prompting Productive Verbal Behavior General Strategy for Training Humans Establish Objective Describe, Explain, and Demonstrate Assess Proficiency Follow-up PART 2. WHAT IS AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND WHY DO DOGS EXHIBIT IT? INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 4. EXPLAINING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR EXHIBITED BY DOGS What is Aggressive Behavior? Why Do Dogs Exhibit Aggressive Behavior? Aggressive Behavior Categories Aggressive Behaviors Generalize and Fast! Social Behaviors What is Social Behavior? Communication, Interpreting Body Language, and other Nonproductive Lines of Inquiry Real Behavior versus Traits and Drives Species-Typical Social Behaviors Topography of Behavior is not Function of Behavior Categorizing Species-Typical Social Behaviors Socially Neutral Approach Enhancing ( Affiliative ) Play Behavior Less Aroused Affiliative Behaviors Ambivalent Approach vs. Escape ( Appeasement ) or Flight Behavior Escape ( Appeasement or Flight) Appeasement or Flight Behaviors Passive Appeasement Behavior

2 Active Appeasement Behavior Flight (not strictly a social behavior) Ambivalent Aggressive vs. Appeasement or Flight Aggressive Ambivalent Affiliative vs. Aggressive Behaviors Competing Concurrent Social Contingencies Greeting Behavior How to React to Aggressive Behaviors Problematic Human Behaviors CHAPTER 5. FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIOR Introduction Environment Behavior Functional Relations Behavior, Stimulation, and Functional Relations Behavior Categories of Behavior Operant versus Respondent Behavior Stimulation Functional Relations and Contingencies Structure of Operant Contingencies Respondent Contingencies Conditioning Definition Effects of Conditioning on Behavior Why Do Reinforcers Function as Such? Contingency Analyses Depicting Contingencies Analyzing Episodes of Behavior Component Contingencies in the Three-Term Contingency Externalizing Contingencies Increasing Complexity in Accounting for Behavior Operant Conditioning Postcedent Principles, Processes, and Procedures Law of Effect Foundational Terms and Categories Reinforcement Added Reinforcement Subtracted Reinforcement Some Potentially Confusing Distinctions Punishment Added Punishment Subtracted Punishment Extinction Variables Influencing Effectiveness of Reinforcement Contiguity Contingency Motivating Operations Variables Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment Contiguity Contingency Intense A Note on the Rationale for Using Punishment Effectively Antecedent Principles, Processes, and Procedures Stimulus Control Terms and Relations Generalization and Discrimination Training Generalization Discrimination Transferring Stimulus Control Prompting Function-Altering Stimuli Motivating Operations Terms, Processes, and Distinctions

3 Differentiating Between Motivating Operations and Evocative Stimuli Differentiating Between Motivating Operations and Other Function-Altering Stimuli Elicitation of Emotional Arousal as Motivating Operations Other Function-altering Stimuli Depicting Function-altering Stimuli in Contingency Analyses Schedules of Added Reinforcement Simple Schedules of Added Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Extinction Intermittent Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Schedule of Added Reinforcement Variable Ratio Schedule of Added Reinforcement Fixed Interval Schedule of Added Reinforcement Variable Interval Schedule of Added Reinforcement Fixed Duration Schedule of Added Reinforcement Variable Duration Schedule of Added Reinforcement Schedule Extensions Limited Hold Compound Schedules of Reinforcement Differential Reinforcement Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Successive Approximations of a Terminal Behavior (Shaping) Respondent Conditioning Terms, Principles, and Processes Other Respondent Processes The Importance of Respondent Conditioning PART 3. PREVENTING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR CHAPTER 6. DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION Domestic Dog Development Prenatal Period (Before Birth) Neonatal Period (Birth to 2 Weeks) Transitional Period (2 3 Weeks) Socialization Period (2.5 3 to 9 13 Weeks, Peaking at 6 8 Weeks) Juvenile Period (12 Weeks to 6 Months) Adulthood (6 months to Variable) Seniorhood (variable onset) Conclusions Drawn from Scott and Fuller (1965) Socialization and Beyond Basic Socialization Program The Program Weeks of Age Weeks of Age Weeks to 1 Year of Age Year of Age On (Adulthood and Seniorhood) Practices to Prevent Aggressive Behavior Basic Principles of Prevention Early Recognition and Intervention Bite Inhibition Training Management of Child Dog Interactions Never Tie Out a Dog Avoid Aversive Stimulation Puppy Kindergarten Classes Training NILIF, Leadership and Dominance? Forget it! Just Train the Dog Possession Sharing Handling Exercises Food Bowl Exercises PART 4. FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

4 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 7. FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT Introduction Explanatory Fictions Some Ethical Considerations in Assessment Functional Behavioral Assessment Screening Functional Assessment Interview Contingency Analysis Defining the Target Behavior Target versus Replacement Behaviors Criteria for Target Behavior Definition Functional versus Topographic Target Behavior Definitions Labeling Target Behaviors Concluding Remarks Direct Observation Introduction To Preclude or not to Preclude Weighing the Benefits and Risks Observing the Behavior Directly Measuring Behavior Measures of Behavior Count Rate of Responding Relative Frequency Duration Magnitude Choosing Among Measures of Behavior Measurement Systems ABC Analysis Event Recording Partial Interval Recording Whole Interval Recording Selecting a Measurement System Quantitative Methods in Tracking the Target Behavior Clarifying Contingency Analyses with ABC Analyses Establishing a Baseline Graphical Representations of Data Functional Analysis AB Design Reversal Design Guidelines for Engaging in Functional Analyses Functional Analysis is Not as Difficult as it May Seem Diagramming the Contingency Analysis Functional Diagnosis Socially Mediated Access (SMA) SMA: Social Interaction SMA: Tangible Reinforcers Socially Mediated Escape (SME) SME: Aversive Social Interaction SME: Aversive Task SME: Aversive Physical Stimulation Multifunctional Behavior CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGE INDICATORS IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR CASES Estimating Challenge Goals and Expectations Duration of the Behavior and Schedule of Reinforcement Severity of Bite Dog Human Bite Levels Dog Dog Bite Levels Predictability Manageability

5 Training Biddability Social Motivating Operations Children, Elderly, Mobility-Impaired, or Behaviorally/Developmentally Impaired Family Members Size of Dog Guardian Resources (Time & Money) Guardian Commitment & Compliance Resident Directed Dog Dog Aggressive Behavior Technologist Proficiency PART 5. CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT PLANNING INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 9. THE CASE AGAINST AVERSIVE STIMULATION Why is the Occurrence of Aversive Stimulation so Pervasive? Problematic Effects of Aversive Stimulation Respondent Side-effects: Aversive Emotional Arousal and Conditioning Operant Side-effects: Escape Behavior Clarifying Punishment and its Role in Changing Behavior Punishment is Less Efficient than Extinction Some Problems with Effective Punishment Does Punishment Work? CHAPTER 10. MINIMALLY AVERSIVE CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT PLANNING Introduction Avoiding Extremism and Dogmatism Aversiveness-Ratcheting Strategies Emphasizing Constructional Added Reinforcement-Based Methods Why Implement the Constructional Added Reinforcement-Emphasized Behavior Change Strategy? Strategy for Avoiding versus Banning Aversive Methods and Tools The Strategy Box 1. Functional Behavioral Assessment and Behavior Objectives Box 2. Construct and Implement a Constructional Minimally Aversive +R-emphasized Contingency Management Plan Box 3. Analysis of Failure: Identify and Resolve the Cause of Inadequate Progress Box 4. Escalate Efforts to Identify and Resolve Cause of Inadequate Progress Does Failure Constitute an Unmanageable and Unacceptable Safety Risk? Box 5. Complete Review and Consider Supplements/Medications Box 6. Emergency: Consider more Aversive Procedure Box 7. Euthanasia CHAPTER 11. STRATEGIES IN CONSTRUCTIONAL BEHAVIOR ENGINEERING Introduction to Constructional Behavior Engineering What is a Contingency Management Plan / Behavior Change Program? Contingency Management Plan as Test of Contingency Analysis Contingency Management Planning as a Comprehensive and Systematic, yet Practical, Scientific Process The Constructional and Errorless Approaches Thorndike s Trial-and-Error Approach A More Robust Perspective on Shaping Prompts and Other Antecedent Control Terrace s Errorless Discrimination Procedure Goldiamond s Constructional Orientation Shifting Paradigms and the Shaping of the Errorless Conditioning Approach Application of the Errorless Conditioning Approach The Graded Errorless Approach Characteristics of an Effective Contingency Management Plan Changing the Environment to Change Behavior Contingency Management Plans are Derived from the Functional Behavioral Assessment Data Contingency Management Plans Must be Realistic and Flexible Behavior Engineering Procedures are Consistent with the Principles of Behavior and Empirically Supported Intervention Strategies and Procedures Contingency Management Plans Make the Target Problem Behavior Irrelevant, and Ineffective Contingency Management Plan Makes Target Behavior Irrelevant Contingency Management Plan Makes Target Behavior Ineffective

6 The Behavior Replacement Strategy Options Management Alone Rehome the Dog Euthanasia Contingency Management Planning Second Opinion Reality Check CHAPTER 12. ESTABLISHING FORMAL BEHAVIOR OBJECTIVES Determining Formal Behavior Objectives Stating the Formal Behavior Objective Evocative Stimulus Target Behavior and Replacement Behavior Level Tracking Target and Replacement Behaviors Establishing Behavior Objectives Example 1. Postal Carrier Example 2. Biting Example 3. Cowering CHAPTER 13. BEHAVIOR ENGINEERING TACTICS AND PROCEDURES Comprehensive Contingency Management Planning Antecedent Control Procedures Evocative Stimulus Control Preclusion The Graded Errorless Approach Function-Altering Stimulus Control Environment Enrichment Eliminating Establishing Operations The Role of Emotional Behaviors in Operant Contingencies Changing Emotional Behaviors Respondent Conditioning Based Procedures Respondent Extinction (Flooding/ Exposure and Response Prevention) Respondent Counterconditioning (Systematic Desensitization) A Final Reminder on Respondent Conditioning Procedures and Externalizing Contingencies Other Function-Altering Tactics Adjunctive Procedures Postcedent Control Procedures Postcedent Behavior Engineering Procedures Managing the Target Behavior: Preclusion vs. Extinction vs. Chain Interruption Graded Differential Reinforcement Introduction Traditional versus Broader Perspective on Differential Reinforcement Differential Reinforcement Procedures Replacing the Response Class Form ( R) or the Entire Response Class (+R) Strategy Selection Addressing Added Reinforcement Maintained Aggressive Behaviors Addressing Subtracted Reinforcement Maintained Aggressive Behaviors Graded Differential Added Reinforcement DR for Socially Mediated Access Behaviors (Maintained by Added Reinforcement) The Strategy Discussion Constructing a Plan Implementing the Plan DR for Socially Mediated Escape Behaviors (Maintained by Subtracted Reinforcement) The Strategy Discussion Constructing the Plan Implementing the DR Plan A Special Note on DRO Graded Differential Subtracted Reinforcement Transitioning to Added Reinforcement The Strategy Discussion

7 Constructing the Plan Implementing the Plan Summary of General Components of a Graded Differential Reinforcement Plan Added Punishment or, Reasons to Avoid Punishment Sorting Through the Procedure Choices Working Toward Maintenance Generalization Training Thinning the Schedule of Reinforcement and Introducing Non-Technologist Mediated Reinforcers Monitoring and Re-intervening When Necessary Contingency Management Project: Steps Producing a Contingency Management Plan Document CHAPTER 14. SAMPLE STRAGEGIES AND PROTOCOLS FOR COMMON SCENARIOS Aggressive Behaviors Exhibited when the Dog is on Leash Aggressive Behaviors Influenced by Pathological Medical or Genetic/Structural Illness or Injury Aggressive Behaviors Exhibited Toward People Approaching the Home Aggressive Guarding Behaviors Food Bowl Toys Location Person Harmful Predatory Behaviors Dog Dog Aggressive Behavior Remediation of Social Behaviors Vocal Control Training (Chain Interruption) Social Inexperience Guarding Reinforcers from Other Dogs Intrahousehold Dog Dog Aggressive Behavior Train Each Dog Individually Train in Pairs Train in Groups APPENDIX 1. ADJUNCT MEASURES Rehabilitation for Response Depression and Increasing General Level of Reinforcement Training Play Exercise Exercise and Mood Nutritional Support Nutrition and Behavior Psychopharmacological and Nutritional Supplementation Support Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Fluoxetine (Prozac) Tricyclic Antidepressants Amitriptyline (Elavil) Clomipramine (Clomicalm) Nutritional Supplements / Pseudomedications L-Tryptophan (ProQuiet) Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) REFERENCES CITED INDEX