OR G A N I S A T I O N A L LY R E L E VA N T VA R I A B L E S A N D KE Y E S'S ME N TA L HE A LT H

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1 Oiginal Reseach OR G A N I S A T I O N A L LY R E L E VA N T VA R I A B L E S A N D KE Y E S'S ME N TA L HE A LT H CONTINUUM SCALE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY Authos: Deo J.W. Stümfe 1 Anneli Hady 2 Joan S. de Villies 3 Susan Rigby 3 A f fi l i a t i o n s : 1 Deatment of Psychology, Univesity of Johannesbug, South Afica 2 Deatment of Statistics, Univesity of Cae Town, South Afica 3 Deatment of Human Resouces Management, Univesity of Johannesbug, South Afica Coesondence to: Deo J.W. Stümfe deost@gmail.com Postal addess: PO Box 285, Stanfod, 7210, South Afica Keywods: flouishing; languishing; sychosocial health; Keyes's Mental Health Continuum Scale; sychosocial illness Dates: Received: 31 Oct Acceted: 14 July 2009 Published: 04 Set How to cite this aticle: Stümfe, D.J.W., Hady, A., De Villies, J.S., & Rigby, S. (2009). Oganisationally elevant vaiables and Keyes's Mental Health Continuum Scale: An exloatoy study. SA Jounal of Industial Psychology/SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde, 35(1), At. #763, 7 ages. DOI: /saji.v35i1.763 This aticle is available at: htt:// ABSTRACT In an exloatoy study on a samle of convenience (n = 165), 11 self-eot vaiables with esumed oganisational elevance wee elated, as edictos, to the thee subscoes and summed scoe of the Keyes (2005a, 2005b; 2007) Mental Health Continuum Scale (long fom). Keyes's scale was administeed five to seven days afte the fist set of scales. The edicto scoes wee educed to thee factoial scoes, labelled ositive oientation, negative oientation and ositive stiving. When classified thus, the edicto vaiables showed significant and meaningful elationshis with some o all of the Keyes subscoes and the total scoe, although few eached medium effect sizes. INTRODUCTION How would one constue sychosocial health? In the not too distant ast (and is it ast yet?), it meant the absence of sychosocial athology; it was thee o it was not. Subsequently, sychosocial illness and health came to be viewed along a continuum, lacing comlete illness at one exteme and comlete health at the othe. Antonovsky (1979; 1987) develoed an examle: a biola continuum of dis-ease health ease. Moe ecently, questions aose about the ossibility of two seaate continua. Fo one, Keyes (e.g., 2002; 2005a; 2007) oosed and found emiical suot fo a continuum eesenting mental ill-health and anothe eesenting mental health. Keyes s measue of the mental health continuum is the citeion in this ae. The continuum stetches between flouishing and languishing. In Keyes s (2007,. 396) view, mental health, like mental illness, is a syndome of symtoms of subjective well-being. Comlete mental health consists of the absence of diagnosable mental disode and the esence of flouishing. Puely flouishing individuals exeience high levels of emotional well-being and function well both sychologically and socially; they show enthusiasm fo life and ae actively and oductively involved. Pue languishing, on the othe hand, manifests in individuals being mentally unhealthy (though without diagnosable mental disode), with low levels of emotional, sychological and social well-being. They exeience emtiness, stagnation and quiet desai; they descibe themselves and life as hollow, emty, a shell, and void (Keyes, 2002,. 210). Keyes (2003,. 296) noted that such a condition may be esent even among, fo examle, women who have all the taings of success good maiages, geat childen, good jobs, and nice homes in good neighbohoods. Though they may be towads the bottom end of the sychosocial well-being continuum, languishes would still be functioning in sychological and social contexts to an extent that cannot be descibed as mental illness. They ae thus neithe mentally ill no mentally healthy. Keyes (2005a) constued mental illness in tems of sychiatic mobidity and oeationalised it by means of a stuctued inteview measue based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). The continuum of mental health was oeationalised by means of self-descitive scales on emotional well-being, sychological well-being and social well-being. Using data fom the MacAthu Foundation National Study of Successful Midlife Develoment, Keyes comaed confimatoy facto models that tested fou diffeent theoies of the latent stuctue of the measues of mental health and mental illness. The best-fitting model was a two-facto (othogonal) model eesenting the indeendence of the two conditions, fom which Keyes concluded that mental illness and mental health constituted two distinct but significantly negatively coelated axes (-0.53: 28% of common vaiance). He also used the esence of fou mental illness conditions, viz. a majo deessive eisode, genealised anxiety disode, anic disode and alcohol deendence, as well as thei comobidity (two to fou disodes duing the ast 12 months) as citeia; flouishing individuals wee at the lowest isk of any of these five conditions. In addition, the languishing flouishing continuum was elated to occuational and sychosocial malfunctioning, which was lowest among adults with comlete mental health. Adults who wee diagnosed as comletely mentally healthy functioned sueio to all othes in tems of the fewest wokdays missed, fewest half-day o less cutbacks of wok, lowest level of health limitations of activities of daily living, the fewest chonic hysical diseases and conditions, the lowest health cae utilisation, and the highest levels of sychosocial functioning. (Keyes, 2007,. 100) This gou was, futhemoe, chaacteised by the lowest level of eceived hellessness, the highest level of functional goals, the highest level of self-eoted esilience and the highest level of intimacy. They geneally functioned bette than modeately mentally healthy adults, who, in tun, functioned bette than uely languishing adults. SA Jounal of Industial Psychology Aticle # The Authos. Licensee: OenJounals Publishing. This wok is licensed unde the Ceative Commons Attibution License. A confimatoy facto analysis on the shot fom of Keyes s questionnaie by Keyes et al. (2008) suoted the hyothesised two-continuum model of mental health and mental illness found in the USA in a Setswana-seaking South Afican samle. The study also elicated the thee-facto stuctue of emotional, sychological and social well-being found in US samles. Confimatoy facto analyses by Robitschek and Keyes (2009) also suoted the thee-facto model in two samles of US college students. htt:// Vol. 35 No. 1 Page 1 of 7 SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde 165 (age numbe not fo citation uoses)

2 Oiginal Reseach Stümfe, Hady, De Villies & Rigby Aticle #763 SA Jounal of Industial Psychology Mental illness, languishing and flouishing ae not stable o emanent conditions. It could, theefoe, be hyothesised that eole could move u and down along the continua due to both subjective and extenal conditions. With esect to the fist continuum, eole who have eviously been well become mentally ill, and eole ecove fom a ue fom of a mental illness to an absence of such illness. Along the othe continuum, eole could theoetically move fom ue languishing to ue flouishing o vice vesa. It could be sumised that a vaiety of esonal and social exeiences ae behind the moving uwads o downwads along the languishing flouishing continuum. In a wok and oganisational context, self-diected wok exeiences (e.g. Kohn & Schoole, 1982) and aticiation in socially valued decision making (Antonovsky, 1987) as well as coaching, some foms of taining and some small-gou exeiences could all contibute to gowth towads flouishing. Similaly, a ange of untowad exeiences in the woklace could esult in downwad movement, fo examle negative wok exeiences fom which thee is no escae, hysical violence, injuy, disablement, discimination and unemloyment; these ocesses ae not, howeve, inevitably ievesible eventually a eson could stat climbing back u again. It is, fo examle, not uncommon fo esons who exeienced a taumatic etenchment that the exeience eventually tuned into a kick stat towads a successful new caee. Keyes (2005a) eoted on mental health measued by his methodology and human esouce citeia, such as absenteeism. To exloe the methodology futhe, the esent study exanded in that diection by elating a vaiety of sychological vaiables that wee esumed to be oganisationally elevant to Keyes s sychosocial well-being measue. It was an exloatoy study and measues wee chosen to eesent divese chaacteistics in tems of the constucts oeationalised as well as in tems of thei eoted eliability and validity infomation. The fist gou of vaiables was oeationalised by means of what could be descibed as esonally linked measues: They allow one to descibe how one feels about one s wok and how one eceives oneself as a woking eson. The second gou was oeationalised by means of what could be descibed as oganisation-linked measues: They eesent one s eactions towads the oganisation o towads how the oganisation is eceived to function. This gouing is not without ovela. All of these measues, like that of Keyes, ovide self-eots. The eseach question was whethe the chosen measues could edict Keyes s sychosocial well-being scoes obtained five to seven days late. RESEARCH DESIGN Reseach ocedue Data wee collected by the thid and fouth authos. They biefed human esouce manages in vaious comanies and obtained thei cooeation in identifying otential aticiants who fulfilled the selection equiements. These manages then infomed esons about the study, exlained its uose, indicated that aticiation was voluntay and assued them of confidentiality. If they wee willing to aticiate, they wee handed the fist ae-and-encil questionnaie, which stated off by eeating infomation on the study, voluntay aticiation and confidentiality. It contained the scales measuing the oganisationally elevant vaiables. The second questionnaie contained the Keyes (2005a) Mental Health Continuum Scale (long fom). It was administeed to the same aticiants five to seven days afte the fist one had been collected, in an attemt to educe the effect of andom eo vaiance that esults fom concuent administation. The aim was also to obtain a shot-tem osective citeion, thus ehas educing the lausibility of a evese diection of causality. Reseach aticiants A samle of emloyees was obtained fom a vaiety of comanies in the southen Cae and Gauteng ats of the county; the samle was not statified o andom. Paticiants all had to be emanently emloyed in oganisations with at least six emloyees, between the ages of 18 and about 68 and (in view of the eading equiement) with an educational level of Gade 12 and above. Of the samle of 165 esons, 90 (54.5%) wee female. The aticiants mothe tongue was Afikaans 84 (50.9%), English 65 (39.4%) and an Afican language 15 (9.1%) (of which 12, o 7.3%, wee isixhosa seakes). Aoximately half of the oganisations eesented wee small to medium size and half of them lage, accoding to aticiants estimates. Measuing instuments Oganisationally elevant measues Questionnaie 1 contained six esonally linked scales (examle items aea in aentheses). Oveall Job Satisfaction was measued by Eisenbege, Cummings, Ameli and Lynch s (1997) scale ( All in all, I am vey satisfied with my cuent job ), which consists of fou items fom Quinn and Shead s (1974) Job Satisfaction Index; the authos eoted a Conbach alha of In an attemt to educe esonse set, one item of this scale was evesed by adding not. Job-elated Self-efficacy was measued by Jones s (1986) eight-item scale ( My job is well within the scoe of my abilities ), fo which the autho eoted an alha of 0.71; items wee edited fom descibing a newcome, as in the oiginal, to descibing an incumbent. Pefomance (o Aoach ) Oientation ( I feel most successful in my job when I am the best ) and Mastey Oientation ( I feel most successful in my job when I imove on aticula asects ) wee measued by Van Yeen and Janssen s (2002) scales, fo both of which the authos eoted an alha of 0.86; the fist scale contains eight items and the last thee items of Mastey Oientation wee deleted to educe the numbe of items to eight too. Poactive Pesonality ( I excel at identifying ootunities ) was measued by Bateman and Cant s (1993) and Cant s (2000) 10-item scale; Bateman and Cant eoted thee eliability estimates fom 0.87 to Fatigue ( At the end of a woking day, I feel eally fatigued ) was measued by Van Yeen and Janssen s (2002) English tanslation of an 11-item Dutch scale; the authos eoted an alha of Questionnaie 1 also contained five oganisationally linked scales. Oeg s (2003) Resistance to Change scale ( I geneally conside change to be a negative thing ) contains 18 items, with an alha of 0.92; fou factos ae eesented and the items of these wee eaanged to altenate the factos. Thee oganisational commitment scales by Allen and Meye (1990) wee used. Affective Commitment ( This oganisation has a geat deal of meaning fo me ) and Nomative Commitment ( I think that eole these days move fom comany to comany too often ) wee each measued by eight items; Allen and Meye (1990) eoted alhas of 0.86 and 0.73 fo these two scales, esectively. Continuance Commitment ( Right now, staying with my oganisation is a matte of necessity as much as desie ) eflects the emloyee s consideations about the costs of leaving; Allen and Meye (1990) eoted an alha of 0.82 fo this scale. In the esent study Continuance Commitment was measued by five items (see exlanation in Results section). The eight-item shot fom of the Peceived Oganisational Suot scale ( My oganisation eally caes about my well-being ) of Eisenbege et al. (1997) was used; the authos eoted an alha of In assembling Questionnaie 1, the esonse scales of the authos wee etained but the sequence of esonse fomats was vaied systematically: Semantic diffeentials with just the end oints labelled, five- and seven-oint Liket scales with anchos descibed diffeently fo diffeent scales, numbeed esonses (five and seven) to be cicled at the end of items with anchos descibed diffeently fo diffeent scales and numbeed esonses to be witten in saces at the end of items. The 166 SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde Vol. 35 No. 1 Page 2 of 7 (age numbe not fo citation uoses) htt://

3 Keyes's Mental Health Continuum Scale: An exloatoy study Oiginal Reseach TABLE 1 Descitive statistics and coefficients alha of vaiables VARIABLE n OF ITEMS MEAN SD MIN. MAX. ALPHA Pesonally linked Job Satisfaction Job-elated Self-efficacy Pefomance Oientation Mastey Oientation Poactive Pesonality Oganisationally linked Resistance to Change Affective Commitment Continuance Commitment Nomative Commitment Peceived Og. Suot Citeia Emotional Well-being Psychological Well-being Social Well-being Total Mental Health a a Sum of Z scoes on fist thee citeion scoes uose was to avoid esonse sets by equiing aticiants to shift between diffeent fomats. the wold ) and social actualisation ( The wold is becoming a bette lace fo eveyone ). Psychosocial well-being Keyes s (2002; 2005a) Mental Health Continuum Scale contains thee comonents. The fist section, Emotional Well-being, has two comonents. The fist is measued by six items that enquie, on a five-oint scale, how much of the time duing the ast 30 days an individual felt cheeful, in good siits, extemely hay, calm and eaceful, satisfied and full of life. Keyes (2002) eoted an alha of 0.91 fo this comonent. The scoes on the six items ae aveaged to obtain a symtom scoe. The second comonent is a single item on avowed quality of life: Using a scale fom 0 to 10, whee 0 means the wost ossible life oveall and 10 means the best ossible life oveall, how would you ate you life oveall these days? These two comonents ae each standadised and then summed to obtain the Emotional Well-being scoe. The second section of the questionnaie contains an 18-item fom of Ryff s (1989; 2001) and Ryff and Keyes s (1995) Psychological Well-being 1 measue, divided into six scales, each eesented by thee items: self-accetance ( I like most ats of my esonality ), ositive elations with othes ( Peole would descibe me as a giving eson, willing to shae my time with othes ), esonal gowth ( Fo me, life has been a continual ocess of leaning, changing, and gowth ), uose in life ( Some eole wande aimlessly though life, but I am not one of them ), envionmental mastey ( In geneal, I feel I am in chage of the situation in which I live ) and autonomy ( I have confidence in my oinions, even if they ae contay to the geneal consensus ). The thid section contains Keyes s (1998) 15-item measue of Social well-being, which oeationalises how much individuals see themselves thiving in thei ublic, social life. The five thee-item scales ae social coheence ( I ty to think about and undestand what could haen next in ou county ), social integation ( I feel close to othe eole in my community ), social-accetance ( I believe that eole ae kind ), social contibution ( I have something valuable to give 1.Juxtaosing emotional and sychological is somewhat confusing, since the latte could embace the fome. In vaious ublications, Keyes equated emotional wellbeing and ositive affect, which is less confusing but does not juxtaose the thee kinds of well-being. The Psychological and Social Well-being scales ae esonded to on a seven-oint Disagee Agee scale. Ryff and Keyes (1995) and Keyes (1998), esectively, eoted alhas of 0.81 fo both the Psychological and Social Well-being scales. The thee scoes wee investigated seaately and a total scoe (Total Mental Health) was obtained by summing thei standadised scoes. 2 Statistical analysis The oeties of the obtained scoes wee examined though descitive statistics. Alha coefficients wee calculated and scales wee examined by means of facto analysis whee aoiate. Measues wee intecoelated and the coelations wee finally assessed in tems of thei effect sizes. Scoes on the Keyes scales wee facto analysed, as wee those on the 11 oganisationally elevant scales. Factoial scoes wee calculated to eesent the latte gou; these wee intecoelated with the thee scoes of the Keyes scales and the sum of thei standadised scoes. RESULTS Table 1 esents descitive data and coefficients alha fo the diffeent measues used. An initial item analysis indicated an unaccetably low coefficient alha fo the Job-elated Selfefficacy scale; two items ( My job is well within the scoe of my abilities ; Pofessionally seaking, my job exactly satisfies my exectations of myself ) showed negative coected itemtotal coelations, which educed its coefficient alha to When these items wee deleted, the alha inceased to 0.63; this is athe low but, accoding to Clak and Watson (1995), still accetable. McGee and Fod (1987) as well as Hackett, Bycio and Hausdof (1994) concluded that Continuance Commitment should be divided into High Sacifice and Low Altenatives scales, each containing thee items. Item analyses of the esent data showed these subscales to have coefficients alha of, esectively, In ode to make his mental health data comaable to his mental illness data, which wee in DSM fomat, Keyes s (e.g., 2004, 2005a, 2007) diagnostic scheme also used a categoical aoach with esect to sychosocial well-being: The evalence of items in the continuous measues was counted to diagnose individuals into the categoies of ue languishing, modeately mentally healthy and comletely mentally healthy. Since categoisation educes the amount of infomation and since thee was no need to do so, the esent study used only the continuous measues. SA Jounal of Industial Psychology Aticle #763 htt:// Vol. 35 No. 1 Page 3 of 7 SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde 167 (age numbe not fo citation uoses)

4 Oiginal Reseach Stümfe, Hady, De Villies & Rigby TABLE 2 Intecoelations of all vaiables, with levels of statistical and actical significance VARIABLE Age 2. Education Job Satisfaction Job-elated Self-efficacy 5. Pefomance Oientation Mastey Oientation Poactive Pesonality Fatigue Resistance to Change Affective Commitment Continuance Commitment Aticle #763 SA Jounal of Industial Psychology 12. Nomative Commitment 13. Oganisational Suot 14. Emotional Well-being 15. Psychological Well-being 16. Social Well-being 17. Sum Z 14,15, Note 1: values 2-tailed Note 2: Effect size 0.10 = Small, ES 0.30 = Medium, ES 0.50 = Lage (Cohen, 1988); s with medium and lage effect sizes in bold TABLE 3 Facto analysis of edicto vaiables VARIABLE FACTOR 1 FACTOR 2 FACTOR 3 Affective Commitment Peceived Og. Suot Oveall Job Satisfaction With esect to biogahical vaiables, only in the case of Mastey Oientation did a two-tailed t test fo indeendent samles show a significant diffeence between female and male subsamles (female M = 36.34, s = 3.53; male M = 35.04, s = 3.89): t (89,74) = 2.24 (95% CI = 0.15 to 2.44; d = 0.351). This diffeence in a single instance was not consideed lage enough to waant seaate analyses fo gende diffeences in all main esults. Nomative Commitment Resistance to Change Pefomance Oientation Continuance Commitment Fatigue Poactive Pesonality Mastey Oientation Job-elated Self-efficacy Note: Pincial axis factoing, oblimin otation with Kaise nomalisation and 0.41; hence they wee combined into a single Continuance Commitment scale. Howeve, subjected to a futhe item analysis, the combined scale still showed a coefficient alha of An item ( I enjoy discussing my oganisation with eole outside it ) showed an item-total coelation of 0.20, and deleting it esulted in a maginally bette alha of 0.66; the esent Continuance Commitment scale thus contained five items. All othe coefficients alha anged between 0.73 and Table 2 esents the coelations between all of the vaiables as well as thei levels of statistical and actical significance (effect size), in tems of Cohen s (1988) suggestions. Accoding to Cohen (. 91, Table 3.3.4), with n = 160 and α = 0.01 fo a twotailed test, the owe of = 0.30 is 0.90 and of = 0.50 is geate than Coelation coefficients of less than 0.30 wee not maked in Table 2 but only those with medium to lage effect sizes. When an effect size is small, the finding concened obably equies elication; a medium effect size could be of actical significance, wheeas a lage effect size is consideed to be of actical significance. Table 3 esents the esults of facto analysing the 11 esonally and oganisationally linked vaiables togethe. Thee initial eigenvalues lage than one wee found and indicated that thee factos could exlain 55.46% of the vaiance. Table 3 contains the obliquely otated atten matix. The coelations between the factos wee 1 2 = 0.11, 1 3 = 0.03 and 2 3 = Factoial scales wee constucted to measue each of the thee factos. A incial axis facto analysis of the thee comonents of Keyes s (2005a) measue of sychosocial well-being oduced 168 SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde Vol. 35 No. 1 Page 4 of 7 (age numbe not fo citation uoses) htt://

5 Keyes's Mental Health Continuum Scale: An exloatoy study Oiginal Reseach TABLE 4 Coelations between facto scoes of oganisationally elevant vaiables and Keyes s scoes FACTOR SCORE Positive Oientation Negative Oientation Positive Stiving EMOTIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING WELL-BEING SOCIAL WELL-BEING TOTAL MENTAL HEALTH a single facto that exlained 52.60% of the total vaiance. The loadings wee Social Well-being 0.65, Psychological Well-being 0.64 and Emotional Well-being The factoial scales that eesented the esonally and oganisationally linked vaiables wee coelated with the thee comonents of Keyes s measue and the sum of thei Z scoes (to eesent the single facto eoted above). These esults ae shown in Table 4. DISCUSSION In an exloatoy study on a samle of convenience (n = 165) self-eot vaiables with esumed oganisational elevance wee elated, as edictos, to Keyes s Mental Health Continuum Scale (long fom). The latte measue was administeed five to seven days afte the fist set of scales; it ovided thee subscoes and a summed scoe that eesent citeia of sychosocial well-being. The edicto scoes wee educed to thee factoial scoes. The coelation coefficients between the seaate oganisationally elevant vaiables and the sychosocial wellbeing scoes ae not being discussed, since the factos eoted in Table 3 wee subsequently coelated with the citeion vaiables. Nevetheless, the ows of coelations elating these edicto vaiables to the thee comonents of Keyes s measue and thei sum contain enough significant coefficients (though with low effect sizes) to have waanted the futhe investigation. The coelation between Resistance to Change and Psychological Well-being is high enough (-0.35) to have a medium effect size. It imlies that esons who ae high on Psychological Well-being ae likely to be oen to change, an imotant oientation in a wold whee change is an eveflowing, eve-esent at of eality (McMillan, 2004). It should be noted that the last thee coefficients in Table 2 ae at-whole coelations. Age shows a maginally significant negative coelation with Mastey Oientation (the olde the aticiant, the less likely to be mastey oientated) and anothe ositive one with Continuance Commitment (the olde the eson, the moe likely the commitment to stay, a finding also eoted by Hackett et al., 1994). Age and educational level show the to-be-exected maginally significant ositive elationshi. Educational level coelates significantly and negatively with Resistance to Change and Nomative Commitment; in othe wods, the moe educated a eson is, the less esistance to change and the less feeling of an obligation to stay the eson exeiences (the latte finding was also eoted by, e.g., Allen and Meye (1990) and Iveson and Buttigieg (1999)). Tuning to the facto analysis of the oganisationally elevant vaiables in Table 3, Facto 1 could be inteeted as indicating a 3.Keyes (2005b) eoted confimatoy facto analysis findings that a thee-facto model of the sychosocial well-being measue was the most tenable of models to fit the data. In a esonal communication (25 Setembe 2007) he commented on a 14-item shot fom that it included thee emotional well-being items so that I could identify confimatoy facto models that tested the stuctue... (confimatoy models equie at least thee indicatos to identity that latent constuct). Since the fom used in the esent study contained only two such items, confimatoy facto analysis could not be efomed. Using the thee comonent scales seaately, nevetheless, seved a simila uose. ositive oientation. The measues that loaded on this facto all convey an imession of being ositive towads the oganisation and the job. Affective Commitment eesents an emotional attachment, meaning that the emloyee enjoys membeshi of the oganisation, identifies with it and is involved in it; Nomative Commitment eesents an emloyee s intenalised feeling of obligation to emain with the oganisation and be involved in meeting its inteests and goals (Allen & Meye, 1990; Hackett et al., 1994). Peceived Oganisational Suot eesents a geneal ecetion concening the degee to which the oganization values [emloyees ] contibutions and caes about thei well-being (Eisenbege et al., 1997,. 812; also Lynch, Eisenbege & Ameli, 1999). Oveall Job Satisfaction is influenced by the favoableness of job conditions, lagely indeendent of whethe those conditions esulted fom the emloye s fee choice (Eisenbege et al., 1997,. 814). Facto 2 (Table 3) eflects what could be viewed as a negative oientation. The measues that loaded on this facto seem to eflect an oveall negative, cooding mindset of ejecting change, a sueio attitude towads cowokes, a feeling of having a tiesome job, yet ehas a feeling of not being able to escae. Consideing the fou factos found in Resistance to Change (Oeg, 2003), viz. outine seeking, emotional eaction, shot-tem focus and cognitive igidity, it clealy has a negative connotation. Van Yeen and Janssen (2002,. 1161) descibed Pefomance Oientation as eflecting an individual s having the goal of establishing his o he sueioity ove othes, that is, a cometitive and ascendant attitude. As indicated above, Continuance Commitment contains negative consideations of not wanting to change on account of too high sacifice and/o too low altenatives, in othe wods, a cost-induced commitment. Fatigue ovides an indication of how fatigued emloyees feel at the end of a wokday and thei need to ecove. Facto 3 (Table 3) could be inteeted as eflecting a ositive stiving. Oveall, the scales that loaded on this facto seem to oject an image of oactive functioning, of stiving to efom cometently and of a self-efficacious belief in one s caability of stiving ositively. Bateman and Cant s (1993) Poactive Pesonality scale descibes a eson who effects envionmental change by identifying ootunities and acting on them, showing initiative, taking action and eseveing. Van Yeen and Jansen (2002) viewed Mastey Oientation as a mindset wheeby an individual usues develoment of cometence, gaining skill and doing his/he best. In develoing his Job-elated Self-efficacy scale, Jones (1986) quoted Bandua (1977,. 192), who wote that self-efficacy consists of eole s exectations that they can successfully execute the behavio equied to oduce the outcome ; in the case of Jones s scale, this imlies mastey of job and oganisational equiements (the low intenal consistency of the scale should, howeve, be ket in mind). It is clea that the initial classification of the oganisationally elevant vaiables as sychologically o oganisationally linked was not meaningful, in view of the esumed sychological constucts they eesented. Subsequent facto analysis classified them diffeently. The coelations of the factoial scales with the thee comonents of Keyes s measue and the sum of thei Z scoes, eoted in Table 4, esent the concluding validation infomation of this study. They tend to ovide an affimative answe to the eseach question: Could the chosen measues edict Keyes s sychosocial well-being scoes obtained five to seven days late? The ositive oientation facto coelated significantly with Keyes s Emotional Well-being, Social Wellbeing and Total Mental Health. The negative oientation facto, in tun, coelated significantly and negatively with both Keyes s Psychological and Social Well-being and with Total Mental Health; these wee, howeve, the only instances whee the coelations wee high enough to be of medium effect size. SA Jounal of Industial Psychology Aticle #763 htt:// Vol. 35 No. 1 Page 5 of 7 SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde 169 (age numbe not fo citation uoses)

6 Oiginal Reseach Stümfe, Hady, De Villies & Rigby Aticle #763 SA Jounal of Industial Psychology Lastly, the ositive stiving facto showed coelations with Keyes s Psychological Well-being and Total Mental Health. Most imotant ae the consistently significant coelations of all thee facto scoes with Total Mental Health. Conclusion The eoted findings tend to signify that when classified in tems of thei constuct validity as ositive oientation, negative oientation and ositive stiving the esumed oganisationally elevant vaiables selected fo this study showed meaningful elationshis to Keyes s Mental Health Continuum Scale (long fom). Each of thei factoial scoes showed significant coelations with some o all of the thee Keyes comonents and the Total Mental Health scoe, although few eached medium effect size. Although the five-to-sevendays lase between the administation of questionnaies 1 and 2 was athe shot, it also held a maginal omise of edictive validity. These findings (and to some extent, the coelations of the seaate scales with Keyes s measue in Table 2) suggest that futhe eseach to investigate the nomological net of the languishing flouishing continuum would be waanted. Since the numbe of oganisation-elated vaiables was small just a tiny selection fom a vast ool futhe study using diffeent vaiables chosen on theoetical gounds seems wothwhile. Relating had, eal-life oganisational vaiables, such as those eoted by Keyes and Magya-Moe (2003), to Keyes s measue could also evaluate its otential utility as an instument in an oganisational context. Keyes s measue used in the esent study is not the final wod on measuement in this aea; he noted that some may think the scheme he esented to be cude and eliminay (2005a,. 546). The scoing ocedue is somewhat laboious and Keyes (Pesonal communication, 25 Setembe 2007) has indicated that he, theefoe, efes using the simlified 14-item shot fom that he has develoed subsequently. The shot fom could be useful in situations whee aticiants time is a concen and, afte aoiate validation, ehas even moe useful in an oganisational context than the long fom. Even though coss-validation is equied, the geneal uot of the esent findings is that the concet of sychosocial health, as eflected by Keyes s questionnaie, tends to have an effect on esonal and oganisational oientations such as those that wee eesented in the esent study. To the extent that the findings suggest futhe study, they suggest seious involvement of industial/oganisational sychologists in sychological and social health consideations of oganisation membes too. REFERENCES Allen, N.J., & Meye, J.P. (1990). The measuement and antecedents of affective, continuance and nomative commitment to the oganization. Jounal of Occuational Psychology, 63(1), Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stess, and coing: New esectives on mental and hysical well-being. San Fancisco: Jossey-Bass. Antonovsky, A. (1987). 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7 Keyes's Mental Health Continuum Scale: An exloatoy study Oiginal Reseach Van Yeen, N.W., & Janssen, O. (2002). Fatigued and dissatisfied o fatigued but satisfied? Goal oientations and esonses to high job demands. Academy of Management Jounal, 45(6), Aticle #763 SA Jounal of Industial Psychology htt:// Vol. 35 No. 1 Page 7 of 7 SA Tydskif vi Bedyfsielkunde 171 (age numbe not fo citation uoses)